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Journal ArticleDOI

Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate

01 Jul 2009-Journal of Experimental Botany (Oxford University Press)-Vol. 60, Iss: 10, pp 2827-2838
TL;DR: More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.
Abstract: While many studies have demonstrated the sensitivities of plants and of crop yield to a changing climate, a major challenge for the agricultural research community is to relate these findings to the broader societal concern with food security. This paper reviews the direct effects of climate on both crop growth and yield and on plant pests and pathogens and the interactions that may occur between crops, pests, and pathogens under changed climate. Finally, we consider the contribution that better understanding of the roles of pests and pathogens in crop production systems might make to enhanced food security. Evidence for the measured climate change on crops and their associated pests and pathogens is starting to be documented. Globally atmospheric [CO(2)] has increased, and in northern latitudes mean temperature at many locations has increased by about 1.0-1.4 degrees C with accompanying changes in pest and pathogen incidence and to farming practices. Many pests and pathogens exhibit considerable capacity for generating, recombining, and selecting fit combinations of variants in key pathogenicity, fitness, and aggressiveness traits that there is little doubt that any new opportunities resulting from climate change will be exploited by them. However, the interactions between crops and pests and pathogens are complex and poorly understood in the context of climate change. More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Maize is one of the most important agricultural commodities worldwide after wheat and rice in terms of production, consumption, and trade, Hence, naturally occurring aflatoxin contamination in maize has important ramifications for both global trade and health.
Abstract: Maize is one of the most important agricultural commodities worldwide after wheat and rice in terms of production, consumption, and trade. Hence, naturally occurring aflatoxin contamination in maize has important ramifications for both global trade and health. Aflatoxins, are cancerous secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminates various staple foods, including maize, groundnuts and tree nuts. Aflatoxin is most prevalent in important crops in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and may occur in the International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

3 citations


Cites background from "Integrating pests and pathogens int..."

  • ...In addition that, climate change also affects the prevalence of fungal species that can infect the crop, associated plant diseases and mycotoxin contamination (Gregory et al., 2009; Madgwick et al., 2011)....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This chapter shows some of the results achieved in the multiplication and in vitro conservation of species from Lupinus, as examples of the application of biotechnology with an environment friendly approach.
Abstract: Plant biotechnology is an essential tool that allows agriculture improvement by increasing food production through tissue culture, molecular biology, and crop improvement. At present, agriculture is facing many problems that affect food production seriously; some of these problems are degradation of soils, salinity, contamination with heavy metals and hydrocarbons, drought, desertification, deforestation, and one of the solutions is biotechnology. This chapter will discuss aspects related to sustainable agriculture and food challenge, plant biotechnology, and plant biotechnology and sustainability. First, the incidence of agriculture is analyzed, on the one hand, in the reduction of hunger, and on the other, in the degradation of the environment, which can only be resolved through a sustainable model. Secondly, the most relevant applications of modern biotechnology in the accelerated propagation of plants, germplasm conservation, and genetic improvement are described. Next, both elements are linked, and it is analyzed how biotechnology can contribute to sustainability through modern technologies. The contribution of modern biotechnologies to sustainability in agriculture is illustrated through the presentation of examples of work done with the genus Lupinus. This genus comprises species useful for sustainable agriculture, which serve as a source of proteins and secondary metabolites, as well as in crop rotation. This chapter shows some of the results achieved in the multiplication and in vitro conservation of species from Lupinus, as examples of the application of biotechnology with an environment friendly approach.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors collective try to explain the possible reasons of atypically attacks of the maize leaf weevil at maize and sunflower crops in south-east of the Romania in year 2014.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that natural enemy benefits to crop production in this system can be substantial, and are likely to be robust across a relatively wide range of precipitation levels.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Der Anteil der Weltbevölkerung, der dauerhaft an Unterernährung leidet, ist seit den 70iger Jahren gesunken, in absoluten Zahlen jedoch steigt die Anzahl der Hungernden an; im Jahr 2009 lag sie über einer Milliarde Menschen.
Abstract: Der Anteil der Weltbevolkerung, der dauerhaft an Unterernahrung leidet, ist seit den 70iger Jahren gesunken, in absoluten Zahlen jedoch steigt die Anzahl der Hungernden an; im Jahr 2009 lag sie uber einer Milliarde Menschen. Aufgrund der Zunahme der Weltbevolkerung wird die landwirtschaftlich nutzbare Ackerflache pro Person weltweit von etwa 0,4 ha pro Person im Jahr 1960 auf etwa 0,1 ha pro Person im Jahr 2060 sinken. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es vollig unverstandlich, wenn immer noch versucht wird, den Klimawandel und seine Auswirkungen auf die „Food Security“ (globale Temperaturerhohung, Erhohung der Meeresspiegel, Verschiebung oder Wegfall von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflachen etc.) in Abrede zu stellen; jetzt weisen nicht mehr nur die Trends langjahriger Temperatur- und Niederschlagsmessungen, sondern auch bereits einsetzende Veranderungen in Flora und Fauna darauf hin, welche zukunftige Wechsel ihrer Lebensumstande auf die Menschheit zukommen wird, die irreversibel sein werden, wenn nicht jetzt gehandelt wird. Am Phanomen der „Biokraftstoffe der Ersten Generation“ wird aufgezeigt, wie vermeintlich gut gemeinter Aktionismus die Problematik der „Food Security“ (siehe auch Schmidhuber und Tubiello in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19703–19708, 2007) verscharfen kann. Wird nicht ernstlich etwas gegen den Anstieg des Gehalts der Luft an Klima-relevanten Gasen (u. a. Kohlendioxid, Methan, Lachgas) unternommen, so wird es in absehbaren Zeitraumen (a) zur gravierenden Minderung der „Food Security“ fur grose Teile der Menschheit kommen, (b) zur Migration hungernder Menschen in Gebiete, wo noch ein ausreichendes Nahrungsangebot erwartet wird, und (c) schlieslich zu gesellschaftlichen (kriegerischen) Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Staaten, welche die „Food Security“ fur ihre Bevolkerung noch gewahrleisten konnen, und denen, die aufgrund des Klimawandels uber nicht mehr genugend landwirtschaftliche Anbauflache zur Versorgung ihrer Bevolkerung mit Lebensmitteln verfugen.

3 citations


Cites background from "Integrating pests and pathogens int..."

  • ...In der Tat spricht vieles dafür (Gregory et al. 2009), dass unter den erwarteten veränderten Klimabedingungen die Anfälligkeit der angebauten Kulturpflanzen durch pathogene Krankheitserreger und damit die Verminderung der Ernte an Bedeutung zunehmen wird....

    [...]

  • ...Es wird befürchtet (Gregory et al. 2009), dass die relevanten Pflanzenpathogene über ein hinreichendes Potential verfügen, um sich den veränderten Umweltbedingungen anzugleichen und womöglich entscheidende Ernteeinbußen herbeizuführen....

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References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
Abstract: This report is the first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. It covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.

32,826 citations

Book
01 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set the stage for impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment of climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity, and developed and applied scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment.
Abstract: Summary for policymakers Technical summary Part I. Setting the Stage for Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment: 1. Overview 2. Methods and tools 3. Development and application of scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment Part II. Sectors and Systems: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 4. Hydrology and water resources 5. Natural and managed ecosystems 6. Coastal zones and marine ecosystems 7. Energy, industry, and settlements 8. Financial services 9. Human health Part III. Regional Analyses: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 10. Africa 11. Asia 12. Australasia 13. Europe 14. Latin America 15. North America 16. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 17. Small island states Part IV. Global Issues and Synthesis: 18. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity 19. Synthesis and integration of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Index.

12,541 citations

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a cross-chapter case study on climate change and sustainability in natural and managed systems and assess key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change, and assess adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Introduction Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems 2. New assessment methodologies and the characterisation of future conditions 3. Fresh water resources and their management 4. Ecosystems, their properties, goods and services 5. Food, fibre and forest products 6. Coastal systems and low-lying areas 7. Industry, settlement and society 8. Human health 9. Africa 10. Asia 11. Australia and New Zealand 12. Europe 13. Latin America 14. North America 15. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 16. Small islands 17. Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity 18. Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation 19. Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change 20. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability - 811 Cross-chapter case studies Appendix I. Glossary Appendix II. Contributors to the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix III. Reviewers of the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix IV. Acronyms and abbreviations Appendix V. Index and database of regional content Index CD-ROM.

8,465 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a document, redatto, voted and pubblicato by the Ipcc -Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.
Abstract: Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

4,187 citations