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Journal ArticleDOI

Integration of D2D, Network Slicing, and MEC in 5G Cellular Networks: Survey and Challenges

TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed survey about the recent 5G technologies, the solutions they provide, and the effect caused by their addition to current cellular networks is given, based on the three most important 5G concepts: Device to Device (D2D), Network Slicing (NS), and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC).
Abstract: With the tremendous demand for connectivity anywhere and anytime, existing network architectures should be modified. To cope with the challenges that arise due to the increasing flood of devices/users and a diverse range of application requirements, new technologies and concepts must be integrated to enable their benefits. Service providers and business companies are looking for new areas of research to enhance overall system performance. This article gives a detailed survey about the recent 5G technologies, the solutions they provide, and the effect caused by their addition to current cellular networks. It is based on the three most important 5G concepts: Device to Device (D2D), Network Slicing (NS), and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). This study proposes to design the future 5G networks by the integration of all three technologies. It is believed that spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency, and overall throughput will be greatly improved by using D2D. The system delay and computational load will be reduced as tasks will be handled by edge routers located at the base stations. Thus offloading the core network and the system capital expenses and operational expenses will be reduced significantly by slicing the network.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a fusion-based intelligent traffic congestion control system for VNs (FITCCS-VN) using ML techniques that collect traffic data and route traffic on available routes to alleviate traffic congestion in smart cities.

163 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors design a rigorous testbed for measuring the one-way packet delays between a 5G end device via a radio access network (RAN) to a packet core with sub-microsecond precision as well as measuring the packet core delay with nanosecond precision.
Abstract: A 5G campus network is a 5G network for the users affiliated with the campus organization, e.g., an industrial campus, covering a prescribed geographical area. A 5G campus network can operate as a so-called 5G non-standalone (NSA) network (which requires 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) spectrum access) or as a 5G standalone (SA) network (without 4G LTE spectrum access). 5G campus networks are envisioned to enable new use cases, which require cyclic delay-sensitive industrial communication, such as robot control. We design a rigorous testbed for measuring the one-way packet delays between a 5G end device via a radio access network (RAN) to a packet core with sub-microsecond precision as well as for measuring the packet core delay with nanosecond precision. With our testbed design, we conduct detailed measurements of the one-way download (downstream, i.e., core to end device) as well as one-way upload (upstream, i.e., end device to core) packet delays and losses for both 5G SA and 5G NSA hardware and network operation. We also measure the corresponding 5G SA and 5G NSA packet core processing delays for download and upload. We find that typically 95% of the SA download packet delays are in the range from 4–10 ms, indicating a fairly wide spread of the packet delays. Also, existing packet core implementations regularly incur packet processing latencies up to 0.4 ms, with outliers above one millisecond. Our measurement results inform the further development and refinement of 5G SA and 5G NSA campus networks for industrial use cases. We make the measurement data traces publicly available as the IEEE DataPort 5G Campus Networks: Measurement Traces dataset (DOI 10.21227/xe3c-e968).

66 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a machine learning-based supply chain collaboration model has been proposed to evaluate the propensity of the decision-making process to increase the efficiency of the supply chain Collaboration, which is the network of various entities that work cohesively to make up the entire process.
Abstract: Supply Chain Collaboration is the network of various entities that work cohesively to make up the entire process. The supply chain organizations’ success is dependent on integration, teamwork, and the communication of information. Every day, supply chain and business players work in a dynamic setting. They must balance competing goals such as process robustness, risk reduction, vulnerability reduction, real financial risks, and resilience against just-in-time and cost-efficiency. Decision-making based on shared information in Supply Chain Collaboration constitutes the recital and competitiveness of the collective process. Supply Chain Collaboration has prompted companies to implement the perfect data analytics functions (e.g., data science, predictive analytics, and big data) to improve supply chain operations and, eventually, efficiency. Simulation and modeling are powerful methods for analyzing, investigating, examining, observing and evaluating real-world industrial and logistic processes in this scenario. Fusion-based Machine learning provides a platform that may address the issues/limitations of Supply Chain Collaboration. Compared to the Classical probable data fusion techniques, the fused Machine learning method may offer a strong computing ability and prediction. In this scenario, the machine learning-based Supply Chain Collaboration model has been proposed to evaluate the propensity of the decision-making process to increase the efficiency of the Supply Chain Collaboration.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the challenges of D2D communication, opportunities, and future research directions in 5GB networks. And they also presented the integration of DUE with other prominent technologies and demonstrated the importance of integration with possible solutions in improving network performance.
Abstract: Device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the most promising technologies in wireless cellular networks that can be employed to improve spectral and energy efficiency, increase data rates, and reduce links latency. This paper investigates fifth generation and beyond (5GB) networks, the basics of D2D communication, applications, and classification. Herein, D2D in in-band (IBD) and out-band (OBD) modes are discussed. This paper also presents the integration of D2D communication with other prominent technologies and demonstrates the importance of integration with possible solutions in improving network performance. We further investigate the challenges of D2D communication, opportunities, and future research directions of D2D in 5GB networks. In addition, D2D communication in 6G network challenges and open research areas are introduced.

16 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management is provided in this paper, where a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC are discussed.
Abstract: Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

2,992 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article describes the scenarios identified for the purpose of driving the 5G research direction and gives initial directions for the technology components that will allow the fulfillment of the requirements of the identified 5G scenarios.
Abstract: METIS is the EU flagship 5G project with the objective of laying the foundation for 5G systems and building consensus prior to standardization. The METIS overall approach toward 5G builds on the evolution of existing technologies complemented by new radio concepts that are designed to meet the new and challenging requirements of use cases today?s radio access networks cannot support. The integration of these new radio concepts, such as massive MIMO, ultra dense networks, moving networks, and device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications, will allow 5G to support the expected increase in mobile data volume while broadening the range of application domains that mobile communications can support beyond 2020. In this article, we describe the scenarios identified for the purpose of driving the 5G research direction. Furthermore, we give initial directions for the technology components (e.g., link level components, multinode/multiantenna, multi-RAT, and multi-layer networks and spectrum handling) that will allow the fulfillment of the requirements of the identified 5G scenarios.

1,934 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides a taxonomy based on the D2D communicating spectrum and review the available literature extensively under the proposed taxonomy to provide new insights into the over-explored and under- Explored areas that lead to identify open research problems of D1D communications in cellular networks.
Abstract: Device-to-device (D2D) communications was initially proposed in cellular networks as a new paradigm for enhancing network performance. The emergence of new applications such as content distribution and location-aware advertisement introduced new user cases for D2D communications in cellular networks. The initial studies showed that D2D communications has advantages such as increased spectral efficiency and reduced communication delay. However, this communication mode introduces complications in terms of interference control overhead and protocols that are still open research problems. The feasibility of D2D communications in Long-Term Evolution Advanced is being studied by academia, industry, and standardization bodies. To date, there are more than 100 papers available on D2D communications in cellular networks, but there is no survey on this field. In this paper, we provide a taxonomy based on the D2D communicating spectrum and review the available literature extensively under the proposed taxonomy. Moreover, we provide new insights into the over-explored and under-explored areas that lead us to identify open research problems of D2D communications in cellular networks.

1,784 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the state-of-the-art in NFV and identify promising research directions in this area, and also overview key NFV projects, standardization efforts, early implementations, use cases, and commercial products.
Abstract: Network function virtualization (NFV) has drawn significant attention from both industry and academia as an important shift in telecommunication service provisioning. By decoupling network functions (NFs) from the physical devices on which they run, NFV has the potential to lead to significant reductions in operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenses (CAPEX) and facilitate the deployment of new services with increased agility and faster time-to-value. The NFV paradigm is still in its infancy and there is a large spectrum of opportunities for the research community to develop new architectures, systems and applications, and to evaluate alternatives and trade-offs in developing technologies for its successful deployment. In this paper, after discussing NFV and its relationship with complementary fields of software defined networking (SDN) and cloud computing, we survey the state-of-the-art in NFV, and identify promising research directions in this area. We also overview key NFV projects, standardization efforts, early implementations, use cases, and commercial products.

1,634 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 3GPP Long Term Evolution system is used as a baseline for D2D design, some of the key design challenges are reviewed, and solution approaches that allow cellular devices and D1D pairs to share spectrum resources and thereby increase the spectrum and energy efficiency of traditional cellular networks are proposed.
Abstract: Device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure has been proposed as a means of taking advantage of the physical proximity of communicating devices, increasing resource utilization, and improving cellular coverage. Relative to the traditional cellular methods, there is a need to design new peer discovery methods, physical layer procedures, and radio resource management algorithms that help realize the potential advantages of D2D communications. In this article we use the 3GPP Long Term Evolution system as a baseline for D2D design, review some of the key design challenges, and propose solution approaches that allow cellular devices and D2D pairs to share spectrum resources and thereby increase the spectrum and energy efficiency of traditional cellular networks. Simulation results illustrate the viability of the proposed design.

1,391 citations