Intellectual versus wisdom-related knowledge: the case for a different kind of learning in the later years of life
Citations
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541 citations
Cites background from "Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..."
...A more detailed discussion of the definition of wisdom and the difference between intelligence, intellectual knowledge, and wisdom can be found in Ardelt (1997, 2000b), Clayton (1982), and Clayton and Birren (1980)....
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...…(Bollen 1989; Jöreskog and Sörbom 1988), the social environment of early adulthood had a significant positive impact on wisdom more than 40 years later, whereas mature personality characteristics in early adulthood and the quality of one’s childhood exerted no enduring effects (Ardelt 2000a)....
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...The reflective dimension of wisdom is the crucial component among the three because it encourages the development of both the cognitive and the affective elements of wisdom (Ardelt 2000a)....
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...However, wisdom was not related to any of the other qualityof-life indicators with the exception of a positive impact on physical health (Ardelt 1997, 2000a)....
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...…to a person’s ability to understand life, that is, to comprehend the significance and deeper meaning of phenomena and events, particularly with regard to intrapersonal and interpersonal matters (Ardelt 2000b; BlanchardFields and Norris 1995; Chandler and Holliday 1990; Kekes 1983; Sternberg 1990a)....
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380 citations
Cites background or methods from "Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..."
...It also has the methodological advantage that it can be applied to already existing items and studies [Ardelt, 1997, 2000a, 2003; Wink & Helson, 1997]....
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...Unlike other wisdom researchers [e.g., Ardelt, 1997, 2000a; Clayton & Birren, 1980; Helson & Srivastava, 2002; Kekes, 1983, 1995; Levitt, 1999; Orwoll & Perlmutter, 1990; Webster, 2003; Wink & Helson, 1997], the Berlin group does not conceptualize wisdom as a personality characteristic or a…...
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...They know how to deal with the vicissitudes of life because they have a strong sense of the ultimate meaning and purpose of life and, therefore, can be satisfied with life even if the external circumstances are less than ideal [Ardelt, 2000b; Assmann, 1994; Bianchi, 1994; Clayton, 1982; Dittmann-Kohli & Baltes, 1990; Kekes, 1995; Kramer, 2000; Sternberg, 1990b; Vaillant, 1993]....
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...However, if wisdom is more than cognitive knowledge and intellectual understanding and if, as some researchers [e.g., Ardelt, 2000b; Jarvis, 1992; Kekes, 1983; Kramer, 1990; Levitt, 1999] believe, the acquisition of wisdom is primarily influenced by a person’s willingness to remain open to all…...
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...…of one’s subjectivity and projections, which can be accomplished through self-examination, selfawareness, and a reflection on one’s own behavior and one’s interactions with others [Achenbaum & Orwoll, 1991; Ardelt, 2000b, 2003; Clayton, 1982; Kekes, 1983, 1995; Levitt, 1999; Taranto, 1989]....
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281 citations
Cites background from "Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..."
...The understanding of common humanity is a type of wisdom that increases with age (Ardelt, 2000, 2010)....
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...This pattern may reflect the fact that gender roles tend to become less extreme over development (Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995), and that an understanding of common humanity increases with age (Ardelt, 2000, 2010)....
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186 citations
Cites background from "Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..."
...Traditionally, wisdom has been associated with older age in most societies (Assmann, 1994; Baltes & Smith, 1990; Holiday & Chandler, 1986)....
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...All the tests were two tailed....
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...…of wisdom: cognitive (ability to understand a situation thoroughly, knowing the positive and negative aspects of human nature, awareness of life’s inherent uncertainty, yet ability to make decisions in spite of this), reflective (ability and willingness to examine phenomena from multiple…...
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...A critical element of wisdom is the desire for learning and in-depth knowledge (Ardelt, 2000; Blanchard-Fields & Norris, 1995; Kekes, 1983; Sternberg, 1990), which requires a certain basic level of intelligence....
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...Holiday, S. G., & Chandler, M. J. (1986)....
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References
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"Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..." refers background in this paper
...…such as developing a re ective mode of thinking, contemplating the meaning of life, coming to terms with one’s past as a preparation for death, and the quest for self-ful llment and spiritual advancement (Erikson, 1963, 1982; Jarvis, 1992; Mason, 1974; Moody, 1986; Shuldiner, 1992; Thornton, 1986)....
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...According to Erikson (1963, 1982), the psychosocial task of the last stage of life is to solve the crises of integrity versus despair whose successful resolution will lead to wisdom....
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3,926 citations
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2,574 citations
"Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..." refers background in this paper
...The intellectual approach is primarily linear and belongs to Piaget’s nal stage of formal operations (Clayton, 1982; Piaget, 1970; Taranto, 1989)....
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...The intellectual approach is primarily linear and belongs to Piaget’s nal stage of formal operations (Clayton, 1982; Piaget, 1970; Taranto, 1989)....
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2,047 citations
"Intellectual versus wisdom-related ..." refers background in this paper
...…such as developing a re ective mode of thinking, contemplating the meaning of life, coming to terms with one’s past as a preparation for death, and the quest for self-ful llment and spiritual advancement (Erikson, 1963, 1982; Jarvis, 1992; Mason, 1974; Moody, 1986; Shuldiner, 1992; Thornton, 1986)....
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...These differences are highlighted in old age when intellectual knowledge is likely to decline whereas wisdom-related knowledge may still continue to grow depending on one’s self-awareness, determination, constancy, and openness to experience, including the experience of one’s own dying (Bianchi, 1994; Erikson, 1982; Erikson, Erikson, & Kivnick, 1986; Mason, 1974; McGann, 1996; Thomas, 1991)....
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...According to Erikson (1963, 1982), the psychosocial task of the last stage of life is to solve the crises of integrity versus despair whose successful resolution will lead to wisdom....
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...…wisdom-related knowledge may still continue to grow depending on one’s self-awareness, determination, constancy, and openness to experience, including the experience of one’s own dying (Bianchi, 1994; Erikson, 1982; Erikson, Erikson, & Kivnick, 1986; Mason, 1974; McGann, 1996; Thomas, 1991)....
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