Intelligence and childlessness.
TL;DR: Analyses of the National Child Development Study show that more intelligent men and women express preference to remain childless early in their reproductive careers, but only more intelligent women are more likely to remainChildless by the end of their reproductive career.
About: This article is published in Social Science Research.The article was published on 2014-11-01. It has received 46 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Childlessness & Population.
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01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis regarding pro-environmental values was investigated and provided support for the hypothesis, and it was shown that the highest attained education level is a significant predictor of environmental concern, while the trait of openness to experience plays a unique role in predicting biospheric values, but not other values.
Abstract: The present study investigates and provides support for the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis regarding pro-environmental values. Study 1 showed that the highest attained education level is a significant predictor of pro-environmental concern, while Study 2 showed that the trait of openness to experience plays a unique role in predicting biospheric values, but not other values, lending support for the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis. Acting to preserve the natural environment is an evolutionarily novel challenge, and therefore, is more actively addressed by individuals who more readily adopt novel ideas and seek out new ways of behaving.
1 citations
Cites background from "Intelligence and childlessness."
...ISSN 1392-0359 eISSN 2345-0061 Psichologija at night (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009), holding liberal values (Kanazawa, 2010b), having fewer children (Kanazawa, 2014), and liking classical music (Kanazawa & Perina, 2012)....
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...…sky-diving and classical music is that those things are novel and, therefore, they pique the interest of more intelligent people, who, based on the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis, would be more likely to engage in evolutionarily novel behaviors (Kanazawa, 2010a, 2014; Kanazawa & Perina, 2012)....
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...As a matter of fact, intelligence does not always maximize the reproductive fitness of individuals (Kanazawa, 2014) and, what is more, the average intelligence seems to be declining (Shayer & Ginsburg, 2009), which indicates that intelligence is not universally selected for in the modern world....
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...The Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis proposes that more intelligent individuals will be more likely to engage in evolutionarily novel behaviors and have evolutionarily novel values (Kanazawa, 2014)....
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...at night (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009), holding liberal values (Kanazawa, 2010b), having fewer children (Kanazawa, 2014), and liking classical music (Kanazawa & Perina, 2012)....
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: Kendal explores various arguments in favour of developing this technology from a liberal feminist perspective and concludes that the option of ectogenesis is a necessary requirement for sexual equality in reproductive endeavours.
Abstract: After introducing the concept of ectogenesis (artificial wombs), Kendal explores various arguments in favour of developing this technology from a liberal feminist perspective The injustice of the unequal distribution of the physical, social and financial risks and burdens of human procreation is considered in the light of pronatalist dogma, which aims to encourage all women to become mothers, despite the numerous disadvantages associated with this choice It is concluded that the option of ectogenesis is a necessary requirement for sexual equality in reproductive endeavours
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References
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12 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The p,cnetics of sex nas now becn clarif ied, and Fishcr ( 1958 ) hrs produccd , n,od"l to cxplarn sex ratios at coDception, a nrodel recently extendcd to include special mccha_ nisms that operate under inbreeding (Hunrilron I96?).
Abstract: There is a tendency among biologists studying social behavior to regard the adult sex ratio as an independent variable to which the species reacts with appropriate adaptations D Lack often interprets social behavior as an adaptation in part to an unbalanced (or balanced) sex ratio, and J Verner has summarized other instances of this tendency The only mechanism that will generate differential mortality independent of sexual differences clearly related to parental investment and sexual selection is the chromosomal mechanism, applied especially to humans and other mammals: the unguarded X chromosome of the male is presumed to predispose him to higher mortality Each offspring can be viewed as an investment independent of other offspring, increasing investment in one offspring tending to decrease investment in others Species can be classified according to the relative parental investment of the sexes in their young In the vast majority of species, the male's only contribution to the survival of his offspring is his sex cells
10,571 citations
"Intelligence and childlessness." refers background in this paper
...Given that mating for mammalian species is largely a female choice (Trivers, 1972), women’s preference for intelligent men as mates can potentially explain why more intelligent men may be as likely to become parents as less intelligence men despite their expressed preference to remain childless at…...
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Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The Enlarged Edition as mentioned in this paper provides an overview of the evolution of the family and the state Bibliography Index. But it does not discuss the relationship between fertility and the division of labor in families.
Abstract: Preface to the Enlarged Edition Introduction 1. Single-Person Households 2. Division of Labor in Households and Families Supplement: Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor 3. Polygamy and Monogamy in Marriage Markets 4. Assortative Mating in Marriage Markets 5. The Demand for Children Supplement: A Reformulation of the Economic Theory of Fertility 6. Family Background and the Opportunities of Children 7. Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility Supplement: Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families 8. Altruism in the Family 9. Families in Nonhuman Species 10. Imperfect Information, Marriage, and Divorce 11. The Evolution of the Family Supplement: The Family and the State Bibliography Index
9,096 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A Treatise on the Family by G. S. Becker as discussed by the authors is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics.
Abstract: A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …
4,817 citations
"Intelligence and childlessness." refers background in this paper
...…1986; Ryder, 1979; Westoff, 1986), to cultural or religious (Hayford and Morgan, 2008; Heaton, 1986; Mosher et al., 1992; Pearce, 2002; Westoff and Bumpass, 1973), and to rational choice (Becker, 1960, 1981; Butz and Ward, 1979; Easterlin et al., 1980; Friedman et al., 1994; Schoen et al., 1997)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In the first full discussion of sexual selection since 1871, leading biologists brought modern genetic theory and behavior observation to bear on the subject as mentioned in this paper, and the result is a remarkably original and well-rounded view of the whole concept that will be invaluable especially to students of evolution and human sexual behavior.
Abstract: Just over one hundred and thirty years ago Charles Darwin, in The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), developed remarkably accurate conclusions about man's ancestry, based on a review of general comparative anatomy and psychology in which he regarded sexual selection as a necessary part of the evolutionary process. But the attention of biologists turned to the more general concept of natural selection, in which sexual selection plays a complex role that has been little understood. This volume significantly broadens the scope of modern evolutionary biology by looking at this important and long neglected concept of great importance. In this book, which is the first full discussion of sexual selection since 1871, leading biologists bring modern genetic theory and behavior observation to bear on the subject. The distinguished authors consider many aspects of sexual selection in many species, including man, within the context of contemporary evolutionary theory and research. The result is a remarkably original and well-rounded view of the whole concept that will be invaluable especially to students of evolution and human sexual behavior. The lucid authority of the contributors and the importance of the topic will interest all who share in man's perennial fascination with his own history. The book will be of central importance to a wide variety of professionals, including biologists, anthropologists, and geneticists. It will be an invaluable supplementary text for courses in vertebrate biology, theory of evolution, genetics, and physical anthropology. It is especially important with the emergence of alternative explanations of human development, under the rubric of creationism and doctrines of intelligent design.
3,863 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution of cognitive class and education in the United States and the role of race and ethnicity in cognitive ability in the development of cognitive ability and the level of American education.
Abstract: Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables A Note to the Reader Preface Acknowledgments Introduction PART I. THE EMERGENCE OF A COGNITIVE ELITE 1 Cognitive Class and Education, 1900-1990 2 Cognitive Partitioning by Occupation 3 The Economic Pressure to Partition 4 Steeper Ladders, Narrower Gates PART II. COGNITIVE CLASSES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 5 Poverty 6 Schooling 7 Unemployment, Idleness, and Injury 8 Family Matters 9 Welfare Dependency 10 Parenting 11 Crime 12 Civility and Citizenship PART III. THE NATIONAL CONTEXT 13 Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability 14 Ethnic Inequalities in Relation to IQ 15 The Demography of Intelligence 16 Social Behavior and the Prevalence of Low Cognitive Ability PART IV. LIVING TOGETHER 17 Raising Cognitive Ability 18 The Leveling of American Education 19 Affirmative Action in Higher Education 20 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 21 The Way We Are Headed 22 A Place for Everyone Afterworld APPENDIXES 1 Statistics for People Who Are Sure They Can't Learn Statistics 2 Technical Issues Regarding the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 3 Technical Issues Regarding the Armed Forces Qualification Test as a Measure of IQ 4 Regression Analyses (rom Part II 5 Supplemental Material for Chapter 13 6 Regression Analyses from Chapter 14 7 The Evolution of Affirmative Action in the Workplace Notes Bibliography Index
3,790 citations