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Journal ArticleDOI

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding

01 Nov 2002-Euphytica (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 128, Iss: 1, pp 9-17
TL;DR: An overview of the details of the ISSR-PCR technique and its application in genetics and plant breeding in a wide range of crop plants is provided.
Abstract: Summary Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR is a technique, which involves the use of microsatellite sequences as primers in a polymerase chain reaction to generate multilocus markers. It is a simple and quick method that combines most of the advantages of microsatellites (SSRs) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to the universality of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). ISSR markers are highly polymorphic and are useful in studies on genetic diversity, phylogeny, gene tagging, genome mapping and evolutionary biology. This review provides an overview of the details of the technique and its application in genetics and plant breeding in a wide range of crop plants.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article provides detail review for 11 different molecular marker methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polypeptide (AFLP%), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), sequence characterized regions (SCARs, sequence tag sites (STSs), cleaved amplified polymorphIC sequences (CAPS), microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSRs), expressed sequence tags (ESTs).
Abstract: The development and use of molecular markers for the detection and exploitation of DNA polymorphism is one of the most significant developments in the field of molecular genetics. The presence of various types of molecular markers, and differences in their principles, methodologies, and applications require careful consideration in choosing one or more of such methods. No molecular markers are available yet that fulfill all requirements needed by researchers. According to the kind of study to be undertaken, one can choose among the variety of molecular techniques, each of which combines at least some desirable properties. This article provides detail review for 11 different molecular marker methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), sequence characterized regions (SCARs), sequence tag sites (STSs), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS), microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), expressed sequence tags (ESTs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and diversity arrays technology (DArT).

512 citations


Cites background from "Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..."

  • ..., ASAP, ASO and AS-PCR), some synonymous (e.g., ISSR, RAMP, RAM, SPAR, AMP-PCR, MP-PCR, and ASSR; Reddy et al., 2002), and some identical (e....

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  • ...J. Biotechnol. egren et al., 1988) amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al., 1995), anchored microsatellite primed PCR (AMP-PCR; Zietkiewicz et al., 1994), anchored simple sequence repeats (ASSR; Wang et al., 1998), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR; Welsh and McClelland, 1990), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS; Akopyanz et al., 1992; Konieczny and Ausubel, 1993), degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR; Telenius et al., 1992), diversity arrays technology (DArT; Jaccoud et al., 2001), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF; Caetano-Anolles et al., 1991), expressed sequence tags (EST; Adams et al., (1991), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR; Zietkiewicz et al., 1994), inverse PCR (IPCR; Triglia et al., 1988), inverse sequence-tagged repeats (ISTR; Rohde, 1996), microsatellite primed PCR (MP-PCR; Meyer et al., 1993), multiplexed allele-specific diagnostic assay (MASDA; Shuber et al., 1997), random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMP; Wu et al., 1994), random amplified microsatellites (RAM; Hantula et al., 1996), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD; Williams et al., 1990), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP; Botstein et al., 1980), selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL; Morgante and Vogel, 1994), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR; Paran and Michelmore, 1993), sequence specific amplification polymorphisms (S-SAP; Waugh et al., 1997), sequence tagged microsatelite site (STMS; Beckmann and Soller, 1990), sequence tagged site (STS; Olsen et al., 1989), short tandem repeats (STR; Hamada et al., 1982), simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP; Dietrich et al., 1992), simple sequence repeats (SSR; Akkaya et al., 1992), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; Jordan and Humphries 1994), single primer amplification reactions (SPAR; Gupta et al., 1994), single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP; Orita et al., 1989), site-selected insertion PCR (SSI; Koes et al., 1995), strand displacement amplification (SDA; Walker et al., 1992), and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR; Nakamura et al., 1987)....

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  • ...Although some of these marker types are very similar (e.g., ASAP, ASO and AS-PCR), some synonymous (e.g., ISSR, RAMP, RAM, SPAR, AMP-PCR, MP-PCR, and ASSR; Reddy et al., 2002), and some identical (e.g., SSLP, STMS, STR and SSR), there are still a wide range of techniques for researchers to choose upon....

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  • ...(a) Unanchored (AG)n primer can anneal anywhere in the (TC)n repeat region on the template DNA leading to slippage and ultimately smear formation; (b) (AG)n primer anchored with 2 nucleotides (NN) at the 3’ end anneals at specific regions on the template DNA and produces clear bands; (c) (AG)n primer anchored with 2 nucleotides (NN) at the 5’ end anneals at specific regions and amplifies part of the repeat region also leading to larger bands (Reddy et al., 2002)....

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  • ...…some of these marker types are very similar (e.g., ASAP, ASO and AS-PCR), some synonymous (e.g., ISSR, RAMP, RAM, SPAR, AMP-PCR, MP-PCR, and ASSR; Reddy et al., 2002), and some identical (e.g., SSLP, STMS, STR and SSR), there are still a wide range of techniques for researchers to choose upon....

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Book
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Amin et al. as discussed by the authors used radioisotopes to measure the diversity of microsatellites in the field of plant DNA collection and preservation of plant Tissue in the Field.
Abstract: PREFACE REPETITIVE DNA: AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF VARIATION IN EUKARYOTIC GENOMES Categories of DNA Sequence Mutations Tandem-Repetitive DNA: The Biology of Mini- and Microsatellites Minisatellites Microsatellites Transposable Elements Class I Transposons Class II Transposons Unclassified Transposons Transposons and Genome Evolution Transposons as Molecular Markers DETECTING DNA VARIATION BY MOLECULAR MARKERS Properties of Molecular Markers Traditional Marker Systems Protein Markers and Allozymes DNA Sequencing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis The PCR Generation: Molecular Markers Based on In Vitro DNA Amplification Principle of the PCR Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences PCR with Arbitrary Primers: RAPD and Its Variants Microsatellites Inter-Repeat PCR DNA Profiling of Genic Regions: Resistance Gene Analog Polymorphism, Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism, and Target Region Amplification Polymorphism Hybridization of Microsatellites to RAPD and MP-PCR Products AFLP Analysis and Its Variants Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis and Related Techniques Miscellaneous Techniques LABORATORY EQUIPMENT METHODOLOGY Safety Precautions Isolation, Purification, and Quantitation of Plant DNA Collection and Preservation of Plant Tissue in the Field Plant DNA Extraction: General Considerations CTAB Protocol I CTAB Protocol II SDS-Potassium Acetate Protocol DNA Preparation via Nuclei Quantitation of DNA Basic Molecular Techniques Restriction of DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Sequencing Agarose Gel Electrophoresis PAA Gel Electrophoresis Detection of DNA in Gels Gel Drying Southern Blotting Generation of Radiolabeled Probes, Primers, and PCR Products Blot Hybridization Signal Detection PCR with Arbitrary Primers Standard RAPD Protocol Influence of Reaction Conditions and Components Modifications Microsatellite-Primed PCR Standard Protocol of Microsatellite-Primed PCR Influence of Reaction Conditions and Components Modifications PCR and Hybridization: Combinatory Techniques Assessing the Genomic Copy Number of PCR Amplicons Testing the Homology of Comigrating Bands Random Amplified Polymorphic Microsatellites Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Standard AFLP Protocol Using Radioisotopes AFLP Protocol Using Fluorescence-Labeled Primers Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci and Microsatellite AFLP Protocols Technical Aspects and Modifications Robustness and Reproducibility Generation and Analysis of Microsatellite Markers Microsatellite Analysis Using Radioisotopes Microsatellite Analysis Using Fluorochromes Technical Aspects and Modifications Generating Microsatellite Markers Without Cloning Microsatellite Cloning CAPS Analysis of cpDNA and mtDNA Standard CAPS Protocol Choice of CAPS Primers EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR MARKER DATA Robustness and Reproducibility Reliability Band Homology Band Linkage and Neutrality Fragment Sizing and Matching General Precautions Equipment Multilocus vs. Single-Locus Approaches Multilocus Markers Single-Locus Markers and Polyploids Band Sharing and Genetic Distances Coefficients of Similarity Dissimilarity Coefficients and Genetic Distances Identity and Uniqueness Clonal Structure Ordination, Clustering, and Dendrograms Ordination Techniques Construction of Dendrograms Population Genetic Analysis Measures of Variation Genetic Differentiation between Populations Genetic Distances between Populations Inbreeding Coefficient and Mating Systems Estimation of Relatedness and Paternity Testing Migration and Hybridization Gene Flow, Isolation-by-Distance, and Spatial Structure Phylogeography and Nested Clade Analysis Statistical Testing of Hypotheses: Analytical and Computational Methods APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING IN PLANT SCIENCES A Brief History of DNA Fingerprinting Minisatellite and Oligonucleotide DNA Probes Detect Genetic Variation PCR-Based Methods Enter the Stage Microsatellite DNA Analyses Yield Codominant Markers Universal Organellar DNA Primers Produce Uniparental Markers Genotype Identification Individual-Specific DNA Fingerprints Cultivar Identification In Vitro-Propagated Plant Material and Somaclonal Variation Sports and Other Mutants Genetic Diversity Variation and Relatedness among Cultivars Analysis of Population Genetic Diversity and Its Distribution Hybridization and Introgression Plant Conservation Germplasm Characterization and Preservation Plant Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomic Relationships Revealed by Multilocus DNA Methods Microsatellite Markers in Taxonomic Studies Taxonomic Consequences from DNA Profiling Data Phylogeography Phylogeography Based on cpDNA Phylogeography Based on Nuclear Genes LINKAGE ANALYSIS AND GENETIC MAPS Generating High-Density Genetic Maps Selection of Parent Plants Mapping Population Linkage Analysis The Genetic Map Cytogenetic Maps Genetic vs. Physical Maps Synteny: The Comparative Analysis of Genomes Marker-Assisted Selection Molecular Markers and Positional Cloning WHICH MARKER FOR WHAT PURPOSE: A COMPARISON Morphological Characters and Allozymes vs. DNA Markers Different Kinds of DNA Markers Discriminatory Power Genetic Distances Within- and Among-Population Variation Gene Tagging and Genetic Linkage Mapping Costs Conclusions FUTURE PROSPECTS: SNIPS AND CHIPS FOR DNA AND RNA PROFILING Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms What Is a SNiP SNP Discovery DNA Microarrays Expression Profiling and Expression Markers APPENDIX 1: PLANT DNA ISOLATION PROTOCOLS APPENDIX 2: SUPPLIERS AND SELLERS OF REAGENTS AND EQUIPMENT APPENDIX 3: COMPUTER PROGRAMS DEALING WITH THE EVALUATION OF DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION AND MOLECULAR MARKER DATA APPENDIX 4: WEB PAGES OF INTEREST REFERENCES INDEX

478 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the DNA polymorphism in elite blackgram genotypes, and the pattern of clustering of the genotypes remained more or less the same in ISSR and combined data of RAPD.
Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the DNA polymorphism in elite blackgram genotypes. A total of 25 random and 16 ISSR primers were used. Amplification of genomic DNA of the 18 genotypes, using RAPD analysis, yielded 104 fragments that could be scored, of which 44 were polymorphic, with an average of 1.8 polymorphic fragments per primer. Number of amplified fragments with random primers ranged from two (OPA-13) to nine (OPK-4) and varied in size from 200 bp to 2,500 bp. Percentage polymorphism ranged from 16.6% (OPK-7) to a maximum of 66.6% (OPE-5, OPH-2, and OPK-8), with an average of 42.7%. The 16 ISSR primers used in the study produced 101 bands across 18 genotypes, of which 55 were polymorphic. The number of amplified bands varied from two (ISSR 858) to ten (ISSR 810), with a size range of 200-2,200 bp. The average numbers of bands per primer and polymorphic bands per primer were 6.3 and 3.4, respectively. Percentage polymorphism ranged from 25% (ISSR 885) to 100% (ISSR 858), with an average percentage polymorphism of 57.5% across all the genotypes. The 3'-anchored primers based on poly(GA) and poly(AG) motifs produced high average polymorphisms of 54.98% and 58.32%, respectively. ISSR markers were more efficient than the RAPD assay, as they detected 57.4% polymorphic DNA markers in Vigna mungo as compared to 42.7% for RAPD markers. The Mantel test between the two Jaccard's similarity matrices gave r=0.32, showing low correlation between RAPD- and ISSR-based similarities. Clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when RAPD and ISSR derived dendrogram were compared, whereas the pattern of clustering of the genotypes remained more or less the same in ISSR and combined data of RAPD and ISSR.

254 citations


Cites methods from "Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..."

  • ...The ISSR technique has been used in genetic relationships in genus Vigna (Ajibade et al. 2000) and in several other crops (Reddy et al. 2002)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that the micropropagation protocol developed by us for rapid in vitro multiplication is appropriate and applicable for clonal propagation of banana var.

203 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper is an update of an earlier review of the genetics of mapping, in terms of recombination as the basis of the procedure, and covered some of the first generation of markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
Abstract: This paper is an update of our earlier review (Jones et al., 1997, Markers and mapping: we are all geneticists now. New Phytologist 137: 165-177), which dealt with the genetics of mapping, in terms of recombination as the basis of the procedure, and covered some of the first generation of markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In the intervening decade there have been numerous developments in marker science with many new systems becoming available, which are herein described: cleavage amplification polymorphism (CAP), sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (S-SAP), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), sequence tagged site (STS), sequence characterized amplification region (SCAR), selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), expressed sequence tag (EST), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP), microarrays, diversity arrays technology (DArT), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and methylation-sensitive PCR. In addition there has been an explosion of knowledge and databases in the area of genomics and bioinformatics. The number of flowering plant ESTs is c. 19 million and counting, with all the opportunity that this provides for gene-hunting, while the survey of bioinformatics and computer resources points to a rapid growth point for future activities in unravelling and applying the burst of new information on plant genomes. A case study is presented on tracking down a specific gene (stay-green (SGR), a post-transcriptional senescence regulator) using the full suite of mapping tools and comparative mapping resources. We end with a brief speculation on how genome analysis may progress into the future of this highly dynamic arena of plant science.

155 citations


Cites methods from "Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..."

  • ...ISSR markers can reveal genetic pholymorphisms and identify individual genotypes, and this method has been widely used (Reddy et al., 2002; Ai-hua & Jan-bo, 2006; Meloni et al., 2006)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Mar 1994-Genomics
TL;DR: The utility of microsatellite-directed DNA fingerprinting by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the interrepeat region provides a novel fingerprinting approach applicable for taxonomic and phylogenetic comparisons and as a mapping tool in a wide range of organisms.

3,292 citations


"Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...the flanking sequences (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994) (Figure 1)....

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  • ...The primers used can be either unanchored (Gupta et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 1993; Wu et al., 1994) or more usually anchored at 3’ or 5’ end with 1 to 4 degenerate bases extended into the flanking sequences (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994) (Figure 1)....

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  • ...ISSR-PCR is a technique that overcomes most of these limitations (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994; Gupta et al., 1994; Wu et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 1993)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that single-base repeats (the shortest possible motifs) are represented by longer runs in mammalian introns than would be expected on a random basis, supporting the idea that SSM may be a ubiquitous force in the evolution of the eukaryotic genome.
Abstract: Simple repetitive DNA sequences are a widespread and abundant feature of genomic DNA. The following several features characterize such sequences: (1) they typically consist of a variety of repeated motifs of 1-10 bases--but may include much larger repeats as well; (2) larger repeat units often include shorter ones within them; (3) long polypyrimidine and poly-CA tracts are often found; and (4) tandem arrangements of closely related motifs are often found. We propose that slipped-strand mispairing events, in concert with unequal crossing-over, can readily account for all of these features. The frequent occurrence of long tandem repeats of particular motifs (polypyrimidine and poly-CA tracts) appears to result from nonrandom patterns of nucleotide substitution. We argue that the intrahelical process of slipped-strand mispairing is much more likely to be the major factor in the initial expansion of short repeated motifs and that, after initial expansion, simple tandem repeats may be predisposed to further expansion by unequal crossing-over or other interhelical events because of their propensity to mispair. Evidence is presented that single-base repeats (the shortest possible motifs) are represented by longer runs in mammalian introns than would be expected on a random basis, supporting the idea that SSM may be a ubiquitous force in the evolution of the eukaryotic genome. Simple repetitive sequences may therefore represent a natural ground state of DNA unselected for coding functions.

2,312 citations


"Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..." refers background in this paper

  • ...(a) Template DNA Slippage of DNA polymerase during DNA replication and failure to repair mismatches is considered as a mechanism for creation and hypervariability of SSRs (Levinson & Gutman, 1987)....

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  • ...Slippage of DNA polymerase during DNA replication and failure to repair mismatches is considered as a mechanism for creation and hypervariability of SSRs ( Levinson & Gutman, 1987 )....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Many, probably even all possible types of simple sequence are repetitive components of eukaryotic genomes and it is proposed that they arise by common mechanisms namely slippage replication and unequal crossover and that they might have no general function with regards to gene expression.
Abstract: Simple sequences are stretches of DNA which consist of only one, or a few tandemly repeated nucleotides, for example poly (dA) X poly (dT) or poly (dG-dT) X poly (dC-dA). These two types of simple sequence have been shown to be repetitive and interspersed in many eukaryotic genomes. Several other types have been found by sequencing eukaryotic DNA. In this report we have undertaken a systematical survey for simple sequences. We hybridized synthetical simple sequence DNA to genome blots of phylogenetically different organisms. We found that many, probably even all possible types of simple sequence are repetitive components of eukaryotic genomes. We propose therefore that they arise by common mechanisms namely slippage replication and unequal crossover and that they might have no general function with regards to gene expression. This latter inference is supported by the fact that we have detected simple sequences only in the metabolically inactive micronucleus of the protozoan Stylonychia, but not in the metabolically active macronucleus which is derived from the micronucleus by chromosome diminution.

1,382 citations


"Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..." refers background in this paper

  • ...SSRs or microsatellites are short tandem repeats (STRs) or variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of 1–4 bases of DNA ubiquitously present in eukaryote genomes (Tautz & Renz, 1984)....

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  • ...SSRs or microsatellites are short tandem repeats (STRs) or variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of 1–4 bases of DNA ubiquitously present in eukaryote genomes ( Tautz & Renz, 1984 )....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that ISSR-PCR provides a quick, reliable and highly informative system for DNA fingerprinting that is amenable for routine applications.
Abstract: Commercial scale fingerprinting of potato cultivars is made difficult by the need for speed, reliability and the ability to distinguish between large numbers of genotypes. There are also problems in extrapolating the results of small experimental studies to predict the performance of techniques or primers for larger applications. The potential of ISSR-PCR for fingerprinting purposes was evaluated using four primers on 34 potato cultivars. The complex band profiles generated were reproducible between repeat PCRs, DNA extractions, electrophoreses and gel scorings. Two primers were each able to distinguish all cultivars. The combined use of any two of the four primers also allowed complete diagnosis. It is concluded that ISSR-PCR provides a quick, reliable and highly informative system for DNA fingerprinting that is amenable for routine applications. Two possible correlates of the ability of primers to distinguish between genotypes were then examined. Marker Index failed to correlate significantly with genotype diagnosis, but a strong and seemingly linear relationship was observed between Resolving Power of a primer and its ability to distinguish genotypes (r2=0.98). Resolving Power of one or a pair of primers was found to provide a moderately accurate estimate of the number of genotypes identified. Possible implications for future studies on DNA fingerprinting are discussed.

1,173 citations


"Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Similarly, 4 primers were sufficient to distinguish 34 cultivars of potato ( Prevost & Wilkinson, 1999 ) and 3 primers could distinguish 16 genotypes of redcurrant (Lanham & Brennan, 1998)....

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  • ...Resolving power Rp is an index developed to compare the value of different primers in terms of the informative bands obtained in a given set of germplasm (Prevost & Wilkinson, 1999)....

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  • ...Cocoa germplasm Charters & Wilkinson, 2000 Potato cultivars Prevost & Wilkinson, 1999 Chrysanthemum cultivars Wolff et al., 1995 2 Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis...

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  • ...of the informative bands obtained in a given set of germplasm ( Prevost & Wilkinson, 1999 )....

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  • ...Similarly, 4 primers were sufficient to distinguish 34 cultivars of potato (Prevost & Wilkinson, 1999) and 3 primers could distinguish 16 genotypes of redcurrant (Lanham & Brennan, 1998)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The basic principles underlying different hybridization-based and PCR based approaches, making use of microsatellites, have been outlined and relevant literature on the subject has been reviewed and critically discussed.
Abstract: In recent years, a variety of molecular markers, based on microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have become the markers of choice, thus necessitating their development and use in a variety of plant systems. In this review, the basic principles underlying different hybridization-based (oligonucleotide fingerprinting) and PCR based approaches (STMS, MP-PCR, AMP-PCR/ ISSR/ ASSR, RAMPs/ dRAMPs, SAMPL), making use of microsatellites, have been outlined. Different methods for enrichment of genomic libraries for microsatellites have also been outlined. Relevant literature on the subject, giving a summary of results obtained using each approach, has been reviewed and critically discussed. The review also includes a discussion on literature, which deals with the use of microsatellites in genome mapping, gene tagging, DNA fingerprinting, characterization of germplasm and cytogenetics research. Special emphasis has been laid on the genome of bread wheat, where the work done in the authors' own laboratory has also been briefly reviewed.

910 citations


"Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The commonly used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA marker systems are random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and more recently simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites (Staub et al., 1996; Gupta & Varshney, 2000)....

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  • ...The commonly used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA marker systems are random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and more recently simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites (Staub et al., 1996; Gupta & Varshney, 2000 )....

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Trending Questions (1)
ISSR medthod in plant breeding

The ISSR method is a simple and quick technique that is highly polymorphic and useful in genetic diversity studies and plant breeding.