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Journal ArticleDOI

Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors

23 Feb 2012-Sensors (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 12, Iss: 3, pp 2467-2486
TL;DR: Each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields and some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications.
Abstract: Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. In this paper, each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective Fabry-Perot interferometers, implemented in both extrinsic and intrinsic structures, are discussed. Also, a wide variety of Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometric sensors based on photonic crystal fibers are introduced along with their remarkable sensing performances. Finally, the simultaneous multi-parameter sensing capability of a pair of long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented in two types of structures; one is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a double cladding fiber and the other is the highly sensitive Sagnac interferometer cascaded with an LPG pair.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the implementation and validation of low-coherence Fabry-Perot interferometer for refractive index dispersion measurements of liquids, which was created with the use of four superluminescent diodes with different optical parameters.
Abstract: We present the implementation and validation of low-coherence Fabry–Perot interferometer for refractive index dispersion measurements of liquids. A measurement system has been created with the use of four superluminescent diodes with different optical parameters, a fiber-optic coupler and an optical spectrum analyzer. The Fabry–Perot interferometer cavity has been formed by the fiber-optic end and mirror surfaces mounted on a micromechanical stage. The positive result of the validation procedure has been determined through statistical analysis. All obtained results were 99.999% statistically significant and were characterized by a strong positive correlation ( r ). The accuracy of the measured result of implemented low-coherence Fabry–Perot interferometer sensor is from 83% to 94%, which proves that the sensor can be used in the measurement of refractive index dispersion of liquids.

21 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a thin-film polymer and multimode fiber optic interaction-based low-cost optical fiber displacement sensor is presented, which is operated by deflecting a commercially Mylar Ⓡ polymer film using multimode optical fiber.
Abstract: This manuscript experimentally validates a thin-film polymer and multimode fiber optic interaction-based low-cost optical fiber displacement sensor. The sensing setup is operated by deflecting a commercially Mylar Ⓡ polymer film using multimode optical fiber. The sensor exhibits a higher sensitivity of 24nm/ $\mu \text{m}$ and resolution of 41.6nm. The sensor’s analyses also demonstrate good polynomial approximation, with a maximal adjusted square of $\text {R}={0.9801}$ , and high stability, in which minimal power (0.4dB-Hour) and wavelength ( $0.05~\mu \text{m}/^{\circ }\text{C}$ ), and this parameter can be distinguished considering the wavelength shifting direction. The simplicity of the scheme, as well as the cost of the elements involved, make this technique a reliable alternative to detect micro-displacements.

21 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...the Fabry-Perot interferometer [17]–[26]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a refractive index optical fiber sensor based on the micro cavities generated through the fiber catastrophic fuse effect, which was tested in the measurement of solutions with refractive indices ranging from 1.3320 to 1.4280.

21 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Xu Jinshan1, Jun He1, Wei Huang1, Xizhen Xu1, Kuikui Guo1, Zhe Zhang1, Yiping Wang1 
TL;DR: A novel design and fabrication process for fiber-tip Fabry-Perot interferometric (FTFPI) pressure sensors which eliminates fringe envelopes in the reflection spectrum is demonstrated and could be a valuable new tool for high pressure measurements.
Abstract: We demonstrate a novel design and fabrication process for fiber-tip Fabry-Perot interferometric (FTFPI) pressure sensors which eliminates fringe envelopes in the reflection spectrum. The outer facet reflectivity and thickness of the FTFPI silica diaphragm were reduced through orthogonal rough-polishing of the fiber end facet. A silica FTFPI sample with a diaphragm thickness of ~10.7 μm was produced and tested under hydraulic pressures ranging from 0 to 30 MPa. The proposed sensor achieved a pressure sensitivity of -284 pm/MPa at 1555 nm and could be a valuable new tool for high pressure measurements.

21 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Aug 2019-Sensors
TL;DR: An overview of the development of CMUTs for PAI is presented and some of the different configurations that are being investigated are phased and ring arrays.
Abstract: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging imaging technique that bridges the gap between pure optical and acoustic techniques to provide images with optical contrast at the acoustic penetration depth. The two key components that have allowed PAI to attain high-resolution images at deeper penetration depths are the photoacoustic signal generator, which is typically implemented as a pulsed laser and the detector to receive the generated acoustic signals. Many types of acoustic sensors have been explored as a detector for the PAI including Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs), micro ring resonators (MRRs), piezoelectric transducers, and capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs). The fabrication technique of CMUTs has given it an edge over the other detectors. First, CMUTs can be easily fabricated into given shapes and sizes to fit the design specifications. Moreover, they can be made into an array to increase the imaging speed and reduce motion artifacts. With a fabrication technique that is similar to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), CMUTs can be integrated with electronics to reduce the parasitic capacitance and improve the signal to noise ratio. The numerous benefits of CMUTs have enticed researchers to develop it for various PAI purposes such as photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) and photoacoustic endoscopy applications. For PACT applications, the main areas of research are in designing two-dimensional array, transparent, and multi-frequency CMUTs. Moving from the table top approach to endoscopes, some of the different configurations that are being investigated are phased and ring arrays. In this paper, an overview of the development of CMUTs for PAI is presented.

21 citations


Cites background from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."

  • ...FPI is a type of interferometer that is made up of a thin transparent film sandwiched between two reflectors [65]....

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  • ...The pressure changes created by the incoming ultrasonic wave causes variation in the thickness and elasto-optic of the structure, which in turn, causes an optical phase shift [65]....

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References
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MonographDOI
21 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive and engaging introduction to optics for intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, which allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals.
Abstract: Introduction to Optics is now available in a re-issued edition from Cambridge University Press. Designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging introduction to intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, this text also allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals. Specific features of the text, in terms of coverage beyond traditional areas, include extensive use of matrices in dealing with ray tracing, polarization, and multiple thin-film interference; three chapters devoted to lasers; a separate chapter on the optics of the eye; and individual chapters on holography, coherence, fiber optics, interferometry, Fourier optics, nonlinear optics, and Fresnel equations.

927 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A detailed mechanism of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for sensing purposes has been discussed in this paper, where different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail.
Abstract: Since the introduction of optical fiber technology in the field of sensor based on the technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber-optic SPR sensors have witnessed a lot of advancements. This paper reports on the past, present, and future scope of fiber-optic SPR sensors in the field of sensing of different chemical, physical, and biochemical parameters. A detailed mechanism of the SPR technique for sensing purposes has been discussed. Different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail. We have tried to put the different advancements in the order of their chronological evolution. The content of the review article may be of great importance for the research community who are to take the field of fiber-optic SPR sensors as its research endeavors.

824 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber.
Abstract: An approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber. The attenuation peak wavelength of the interference with specific order in the transmission spectrum shifts with changes in the environmental refractive index and temperature. By utilizing S-band and C/L-band light sources, simultaneous discrimination of refractive index and temperature with the tapered fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated with the corresponding sensitivities of −23.188 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 0.071 nm/ °C, and −26.087 nm/RIU (blueshift) and 0.077 nm/°C (redshift) for the interference orders of 169 and 144, respectively.

551 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper

  • ...By tapering a fiber at two points along the fiber, we can form an effective in-line MZI as shown in Figure 7(f) [55,56]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors was realized, which combines very small size, high finesse, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes.
Abstract: We have realized a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors. It combines very small size, high finesse F>=130000, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes. This combination of features is a major advance for cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), as shown in recent CQED experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates enabled by this cavity [Y. Colombe et al., Nature 450, 272 (2007)]. It should also be suitable for a wide range of other applications, including coupling to solid-state emitters, gas detection at the single-particle level, fiber-coupled single-photon sources and high-resolution optical filters with large stopband.

418 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Since it can utilize high reflecting mirrors, the extrinsic structure is useful to obtain a high finesse interference signal [23]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
Abstract: We propose simple and compact methods for implementing all-fiber interferometers. The interference between the core and the cladding modes of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is utilized. To excite the cladding modes from the fundamental core mode of a PCF, a coupling point or region is formed by using two methods. One is fusion splicing two pieces of a PCF with a small lateral offset, and the other is partially collapsing the air-holes in a single piece of PCF. By making another coupling point at a different location along the fiber, the proposed all-PCF interferometer is implemented. The spectral response of the interferometer is investigated mainly in terms of its wavelength spectrum. The spatial frequency of the spectrum was proportional to the physical length of the interferometer and the difference between the modal group indices of involved waveguide modes. For the splicing type interferometer, only a single spatial frequency component was dominantly observed, while the collapsing type was associated with several components at a time. By analyzing the spatial frequency spectrum of the wavelength spectrum, the modal group index differences of the PCF were obtained from 2.83×10-3 to 4.65 ×10-3 . As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.

418 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...However, in this case, coupling to several cladding modes was observed and controlling the number of involved modes was not so simple [51]....

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  • ...Even with PCF, an MZI can be formed by simply fusion-splicing a piece of PCF between fibers with a small intentional deviation [51]....

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  • ...In reference [51], as low as 2 dB splicing loss was achieved by making the mode coupling to dominantly one cladding mode of the PCF....

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