Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors
23 Feb 2012-Sensors (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 12, Iss: 3, pp 2467-2486
TL;DR: Each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields and some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications.
Abstract: Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. In this paper, each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective Fabry-Perot interferometers, implemented in both extrinsic and intrinsic structures, are discussed. Also, a wide variety of Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometric sensors based on photonic crystal fibers are introduced along with their remarkable sensing performances. Finally, the simultaneous multi-parameter sensing capability of a pair of long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented in two types of structures; one is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a double cladding fiber and the other is the highly sensitive Sagnac interferometer cascaded with an LPG pair.
Citations
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Dissertation•
11 Sep 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a capteur physique d'hydrogene based on micropoutres resonant en silicium, which can be used to detect the concentration of hydrogene in the air.
Abstract: Ces travaux de these tentent de repondre a un besoin de surveillance fiable et durable de la concentration d’hydrogene dans un environnement radioactif. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons l’etude et le developpement d’un capteur physique d’hydrogene a base de micropoutres resonantes en silicium. La particularite de ce type de capteur vient du fait qu’il ne contient pas de couche sensible et est donc moins sujet au vieillissement que les capteurs chimiques a base de couche sensibles. Compte tenu de la faible masse volumique de l’hydrogene par rapport a celle de l’air et de la bonne sensibilite des micropoutres resonantes aux proprietes physiques du gaz environnant (masse volumique et viscosite), l’utilisation de micropoutres resonantes pour le suivi de la concentration de l’hydrogene dans l’air est tout a fait possible. L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est l’amelioration de la sensibilite et de la limite de detection de ce type de capteur. Tout d’abord, une etude des methodes de suivi de faibles variations de la frequence de resonance a ete effectuee. Ceci a permis de determiner la methode ayant le meilleur rapport signal sur bruit, permettant ainsi d’ameliorer la limite de detection en termes de variation de frequence de resonance. Dans une seconde partie, une etude de l’influence de la geometrie et des dimensions sur la sensibilite vis-a-vis des variations de la masse volumique du gaz environnant a ete realisee. A l’issu de cette etude, des criteres geometriques et dimensionnels permettant l’optimisation de la sensibilite ont ete degages. D’autres aspects visant a ameliorer les performances (sensibilite et limite de detection) de ces capteurs ont ete etudies, comme l’influence du courant d’actionnement et des tensions de polarisation (actionnement electromagnetique et detection piezoresistive) et l’utilisation des modes superieurs de resonance. Par ailleurs, l’etude de l’influence des parametres environnementaux (temperature et pression) sur le comportement des micropoutres resonantes a ete etablie.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Fabry-Perot (FP) sensing cavity created by directly bonding two sapphire wafers through reactive-ion etching functions as a single SApphire structure for pressure measurement at high temperatures.
Abstract: There is a need for pressure sensor technology that can operate for longer times at very high temperatures. We propose a sapphire pressure sensor designed to operate at high temperature. A Fabry–Perot (FP) sensing cavity created by directly bonding two sapphire wafers through reactive-ion etching functions as a single sapphire structure for pressure measurement at high temperatures. Applying white-light interferometry and diaphragm deflection theory, the fabricated device is experimentally tested by measuring the pressure over a range of 0.1 to 2.1 MPa at 25–1000 °C. The FP sensing cavity length depends on the pressure and the temperature simultaneously. The FP sensing cavity length varies linearly with pressure at 25 °C, and the linearity is preserved with different sensitivity at high temperatures. The structure of the sensor body, enveloping the cavity inside, varies via the coefficient of thermal expansion of sapphire like a single sapphire wafer, and the FP sensing cavity is tightly sealed without any air leakage at high temperature.
7 citations
Cites methods from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."
...Fiber optic pressure sensors are mainly based on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, and FP interferometer [7]–[9]....
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Dissertation•
07 Apr 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the temperature dependent behavior of absorption bands generated in optical fibers via hydrogen exposure at 800 °C and show that at higher temperatures the absorption intensity in these two bands was smaller than at room temperature.
Abstract: This study reports on the temperature dependent behavior of absorption bands generated in optical fibers via hydrogen exposure at 800 °C. Hydrogen exposure at 800 °C resulted in the generation of two large absorption bands in the 1-2.5 μm wavelength range at ~1.4 μm and ~2.2 μm. These bands showed temperature dependent behavior when in the temperature range of 20–800 °C such that at higher temperatures the absorption intensity in these two bands was smaller than at room temperature. The temperature dependent behavior was shown to be reversible and repeatable under an array of testing conditions including thermal cycling and long periods of time without hydrogen exposure. The reversibility suggests that no chemical change is taking place while the repeatability suggests that no permanent structural change in the glass is taking place. Although both absorption bands are associated with hydroxyl groups and exhibited similar temperature dependence, variations were observed with respect to time and exposure environment. Therefore, we surmised that the observed behaviors were not exclusive to the hydroxyl bond and/or structural modifications. In this paper, we discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomena and, conversely, the conditions that would be necessary to induce the structural changes that would induce changes in the absorption intensities.
7 citations
Cites background from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."
...The benefits of fiber optic sensing include their inherent small size and footprint, immunity to electromagnetic radiation and high sensitivity [6, 7]....
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Dissertation•
16 Dec 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a plateforme de detection photonique multi-gaz exploitant l'effet thermo-optique, grâce a la combinaison de deux elements centraux : des nanopoudres catalytiques selectives aux gaz vises (dihydrogene ou monoxyde de carbone) and un composant photonique planaire tres sensible aux variations d'indice de refraction.
Abstract: La detection de gaz suscite depuis une dizaine d'annees, un interet grandissant voir galopant, cela pour diverses raisons : environnementales, de sante publique, de securite (Hommes et infrastructures), etc Ce dynamisme a pour consequence un besoin de renouvellement et de perfectionnement des moyens de detection, qui croit a mesure que les normes existantes et les secteurs d'application respectivement, se complexifient et se diversifient Une telle frenesie entraine naturellement l'augmentation du nombre de projets de recherche sur cette thematique : le projet ANR PEPS, debute en 2010, est l'un d'entre-eux Acronyme de "Pellet Photonique Sensor", il vise a demontrer la faisabilite d'une plateforme de detection photonique multi-gaz exploitant l'effet thermo-optique, grâce a la combinaison de deux elements centraux : des nanopoudres catalytiques selectives aux gaz vises (dihydrogene ou monoxyde de carbone) et un composant photonique planaire tres sensible aux variations d'indice de refraction Ce manuscrit est principalement consacre a la conception (selection et optimisation) du composant photonique
7 citations
Additional excerpts
...32 c)] [149], — l’interféromètre de Fabry-Pérot 25 [Figure I....
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TL;DR: In this article, a Fabry-Perot fiber cavity for strain measurement with highly improved sensitivity is presented, which is fabricated by the fusion splicing of two etched singlemode fibers with a core offset in the X axis or both X and Y axes.
Abstract: We demonstrate a Fabry-Perot fiber cavity for strain measurement with highly improved sensitivity. The cavity is fabricated by the fusion splicing of two etched single-mode fibers with a core offset in the X axis or both X and Y axes. It is found that the strain sensitivity can be increased from 2.39 to 7.75pm/μe by adopting offset splicing. Such a Fabry-Perot cavity device is compact in size, simple in structure, easy in fabrication and of low cost, and has high potential in strain sensing.
7 citations
References
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21 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive and engaging introduction to optics for intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, which allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals.
Abstract: Introduction to Optics is now available in a re-issued edition from Cambridge University Press. Designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging introduction to intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, this text also allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals. Specific features of the text, in terms of coverage beyond traditional areas, include extensive use of matrices in dealing with ray tracing, polarization, and multiple thin-film interference; three chapters devoted to lasers; a separate chapter on the optics of the eye; and individual chapters on holography, coherence, fiber optics, interferometry, Fourier optics, nonlinear optics, and Fresnel equations.
927 citations
TL;DR: A detailed mechanism of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for sensing purposes has been discussed in this paper, where different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail.
Abstract: Since the introduction of optical fiber technology in the field of sensor based on the technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber-optic SPR sensors have witnessed a lot of advancements. This paper reports on the past, present, and future scope of fiber-optic SPR sensors in the field of sensing of different chemical, physical, and biochemical parameters. A detailed mechanism of the SPR technique for sensing purposes has been discussed. Different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail. We have tried to put the different advancements in the order of their chronological evolution. The content of the review article may be of great importance for the research community who are to take the field of fiber-optic SPR sensors as its research endeavors.
824 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber.
Abstract: An approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber. The attenuation peak wavelength of the interference with specific order in the transmission spectrum shifts with changes in the environmental refractive index and temperature. By utilizing S-band and C/L-band light sources, simultaneous discrimination of refractive index and temperature with the tapered fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated with the corresponding sensitivities of −23.188 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 0.071 nm/ °C, and −26.087 nm/RIU (blueshift) and 0.077 nm/°C (redshift) for the interference orders of 169 and 144, respectively.
551 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper
...By tapering a fiber at two points along the fiber, we can form an effective in-line MZI as shown in Figure 7(f) [55,56]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors was realized, which combines very small size, high finesse, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes.
Abstract: We have realized a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors. It combines very small size, high finesse F>=130000, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes. This combination of features is a major advance for cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), as shown in recent CQED experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates enabled by this cavity [Y. Colombe et al., Nature 450, 272 (2007)]. It should also be suitable for a wide range of other applications, including coupling to solid-state emitters, gas detection at the single-particle level, fiber-coupled single-photon sources and high-resolution optical filters with large stopband.
418 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper
...Since it can utilize high reflecting mirrors, the extrinsic structure is useful to obtain a high finesse interference signal [23]....
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TL;DR: As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
Abstract: We propose simple and compact methods for implementing all-fiber interferometers. The interference between the core and the cladding modes of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is utilized. To excite the cladding modes from the fundamental core mode of a PCF, a coupling point or region is formed by using two methods. One is fusion splicing two pieces of a PCF with a small lateral offset, and the other is partially collapsing the air-holes in a single piece of PCF. By making another coupling point at a different location along the fiber, the proposed all-PCF interferometer is implemented. The spectral response of the interferometer is investigated mainly in terms of its wavelength spectrum. The spatial frequency of the spectrum was proportional to the physical length of the interferometer and the difference between the modal group indices of involved waveguide modes. For the splicing type interferometer, only a single spatial frequency component was dominantly observed, while the collapsing type was associated with several components at a time. By analyzing the spatial frequency spectrum of the wavelength spectrum, the modal group index differences of the PCF were obtained from 2.83×10-3 to 4.65 ×10-3 . As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
418 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background or methods in this paper
...However, in this case, coupling to several cladding modes was observed and controlling the number of involved modes was not so simple [51]....
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...Even with PCF, an MZI can be formed by simply fusion-splicing a piece of PCF between fibers with a small intentional deviation [51]....
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...In reference [51], as low as 2 dB splicing loss was achieved by making the mode coupling to dominantly one cladding mode of the PCF....
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