Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors
23 Feb 2012-Sensors (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 12, Iss: 3, pp 2467-2486
TL;DR: Each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields and some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications.
Abstract: Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. In this paper, each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective Fabry-Perot interferometers, implemented in both extrinsic and intrinsic structures, are discussed. Also, a wide variety of Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometric sensors based on photonic crystal fibers are introduced along with their remarkable sensing performances. Finally, the simultaneous multi-parameter sensing capability of a pair of long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented in two types of structures; one is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a double cladding fiber and the other is the highly sensitive Sagnac interferometer cascaded with an LPG pair.
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TL;DR: Results provide proof of principle for a new design of force-measurement sensor based on optical interferometry, an approach that can be used to study cytoskeletal dynamics in real time.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare uniaxial traction forces exerted by different cell types using a novel sensor design and to test the dependence of measured forces on cytoskeletal integrity. The sensor design detects forces generated between 2 contact points by cells spanning a gap. The magnitude of these forces varied according to cell type and were dependent on cytoskeletal integrity. The response time for drug-induced cytoskeletal disruption also varied between cell types: dermal fibroblasts exerted the greatest forces and had the slowest drug response times; EBV-transformed epithelial cells also had slow cytoskeletal depolymerisation times but exerted the lowest forces overall. Conversely, lung epithelial tumor cells exerted low forces but had the fastest depolymerisation drug response. These results provide proof of principle for a new design of force-measurement sensor based on optical interferometry, an approach that can be used to study cytoskeletal dynamics in real time.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a parallel structured fiber in-line interferometric device consisting of two sets of periodic internal mirrors which form Fabry-Perot cavities with different cavity lengths is presented.
Abstract: We propose and demonstrate a parallel structured fiber in-line interferometric device consisting of two sets of periodic internal mirrors which forms Fabry-Perot cavities with different cavity lengths. The output of the device contains two sets of overlapped fringe patterns, in which the main fringe peak is dominant and easy to identify. The cavity length of the internal mirror determines the spacing of the fringe peaks, which can be easily and flexibly controlled. The device is easy to operate or fabricated, simple in structure and exhibits high potential for high-temperature monitoring in harsh environments.
1 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The realización de esta tesis ha sido posible gracias al apoyo recibido por parte del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) bajo el contrato CB-2010/157866 y CB- 2010/156529 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: La realizacion de esta tesis ha sido posible gracias al apoyo recibido por parte del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) bajo el contrato CB-2010/157866 y CB-2010/156529, asi como de la Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia a traves de la financiacion de los proyectos CICYT fondos FEDER TEC2010-17805.
1 citations
01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a fiber laser temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer is proposed, which consists of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier for signal amplification and a SAGAC inter-ferometer for signal filtering.
Abstract: A fiber laser temperature sensor which is based on Sagnac interferometer is proposed in this work. The fiber laser consists of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier for signal amplification and a Sagnac interferometer for signal filtering. The Sagnac interferometer is made of 30 cm polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) and it acts as the sensing head. Experimental results suggest that the temperature does affect the laser wavelength. As the temperature varies from 30°C to 41°C, the laser wavelength is shifted to the lower wavelength from 1596.5 nm to 1581.8 nm with the recorded sensitivity of 1.1965 nm/°C. The change of the laser wavelength with temperature validates the use of this fiber laser as the temperature sensor.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a stabilization-magnification (SM) sensing scheme to enhance the minimum detectable environmental perturbation of intensity-based fiber sensors, where the light intensity is first stabilized by inducing a sinusoidal intensity modulation and extracting the first-order sideband generated by self-phase modulation (SPM) in a nonlinear medium.
Abstract: We present a novel optical signal processing scheme for enhancing the minimum detectable environmental perturbation of intensity-based fiber sensors. The light intensity is first stabilized by inducing a sinusoidal intensity modulation and extracting the first-order sideband generated by self-phase modulation (SPM) in a nonlinear medium. The light with stabilized intensity is then sent through a sensor and the sensor induced power variation is magnified by first inducing a sinusoidal intensity modulation, then undergoing SPM, and finally extracting a higher-order sideband. The advantage of the proposed stabilization-magnification (SM) sensing scheme is experimentally demonstrated by applying a damped vibration on an intensity-based fiber sensor and comparing the minimum detectable strain value of the proposed scheme with that of a conventional sensing scheme. Experimental results demonstrate minimum detectable strain improvement by a factor of 3.93. This new SM sensing scheme allows for the detection of perturbations originally too weak to be detected by a given intensity-based fiber sensor, which will be beneficial for a variety of applications such as high frequency ultra-sound detection.
1 citations
References
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21 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive and engaging introduction to optics for intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, which allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals.
Abstract: Introduction to Optics is now available in a re-issued edition from Cambridge University Press. Designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging introduction to intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, this text also allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals. Specific features of the text, in terms of coverage beyond traditional areas, include extensive use of matrices in dealing with ray tracing, polarization, and multiple thin-film interference; three chapters devoted to lasers; a separate chapter on the optics of the eye; and individual chapters on holography, coherence, fiber optics, interferometry, Fourier optics, nonlinear optics, and Fresnel equations.
927 citations
TL;DR: A detailed mechanism of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for sensing purposes has been discussed in this paper, where different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail.
Abstract: Since the introduction of optical fiber technology in the field of sensor based on the technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber-optic SPR sensors have witnessed a lot of advancements. This paper reports on the past, present, and future scope of fiber-optic SPR sensors in the field of sensing of different chemical, physical, and biochemical parameters. A detailed mechanism of the SPR technique for sensing purposes has been discussed. Different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail. We have tried to put the different advancements in the order of their chronological evolution. The content of the review article may be of great importance for the research community who are to take the field of fiber-optic SPR sensors as its research endeavors.
824 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber.
Abstract: An approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber. The attenuation peak wavelength of the interference with specific order in the transmission spectrum shifts with changes in the environmental refractive index and temperature. By utilizing S-band and C/L-band light sources, simultaneous discrimination of refractive index and temperature with the tapered fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated with the corresponding sensitivities of −23.188 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 0.071 nm/ °C, and −26.087 nm/RIU (blueshift) and 0.077 nm/°C (redshift) for the interference orders of 169 and 144, respectively.
551 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper
...By tapering a fiber at two points along the fiber, we can form an effective in-line MZI as shown in Figure 7(f) [55,56]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors was realized, which combines very small size, high finesse, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes.
Abstract: We have realized a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors. It combines very small size, high finesse F>=130000, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes. This combination of features is a major advance for cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), as shown in recent CQED experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates enabled by this cavity [Y. Colombe et al., Nature 450, 272 (2007)]. It should also be suitable for a wide range of other applications, including coupling to solid-state emitters, gas detection at the single-particle level, fiber-coupled single-photon sources and high-resolution optical filters with large stopband.
418 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper
...Since it can utilize high reflecting mirrors, the extrinsic structure is useful to obtain a high finesse interference signal [23]....
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TL;DR: As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
Abstract: We propose simple and compact methods for implementing all-fiber interferometers. The interference between the core and the cladding modes of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is utilized. To excite the cladding modes from the fundamental core mode of a PCF, a coupling point or region is formed by using two methods. One is fusion splicing two pieces of a PCF with a small lateral offset, and the other is partially collapsing the air-holes in a single piece of PCF. By making another coupling point at a different location along the fiber, the proposed all-PCF interferometer is implemented. The spectral response of the interferometer is investigated mainly in terms of its wavelength spectrum. The spatial frequency of the spectrum was proportional to the physical length of the interferometer and the difference between the modal group indices of involved waveguide modes. For the splicing type interferometer, only a single spatial frequency component was dominantly observed, while the collapsing type was associated with several components at a time. By analyzing the spatial frequency spectrum of the wavelength spectrum, the modal group index differences of the PCF were obtained from 2.83×10-3 to 4.65 ×10-3 . As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
418 citations
"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background or methods in this paper
...However, in this case, coupling to several cladding modes was observed and controlling the number of involved modes was not so simple [51]....
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...Even with PCF, an MZI can be formed by simply fusion-splicing a piece of PCF between fibers with a small intentional deviation [51]....
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...In reference [51], as low as 2 dB splicing loss was achieved by making the mode coupling to dominantly one cladding mode of the PCF....
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