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Journal ArticleDOI

Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors

23 Feb 2012-Sensors (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 12, Iss: 3, pp 2467-2486
TL;DR: Each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields and some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications.
Abstract: Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. In this paper, each type of interferometric sensor is reviewed in terms of operating principles, fabrication methods, and application fields. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective Fabry-Perot interferometers, implemented in both extrinsic and intrinsic structures, are discussed. Also, a wide variety of Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometric sensors based on photonic crystal fibers are introduced along with their remarkable sensing performances. Finally, the simultaneous multi-parameter sensing capability of a pair of long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented in two types of structures; one is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a double cladding fiber and the other is the highly sensitive Sagnac interferometer cascaded with an LPG pair.

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Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a temperature sensing scheme realized with Sagnac interferometer (SI) based microwave photonic filter (MPF) has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated.
Abstract: In this paper, a temperature sensing scheme realized with Sagnac interferometer (SI) based microwave photonic filter (MPF) has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In our experiment, the sensitivities of -1.6 MHz/°C and -1.29 MHz/°C have been achieved by using SI with the length of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) of 7.3 m and 5.3 m acting as the sensing fiber, respectively. The proposed sensing scheme converts the wavelength spacing changes of the SI to the frequency shifts of the MPF’s passband, and thus has an unlimited measurement range.

Cites background from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."

  • ...The SI sensor usually consists of a polarization controller (PC) and a section of PMF [5]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
02 Jun 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a cost effective strain sensor based on micro-cavities produced through the re-use of optical fibers destroyed by the catastrophic fuse effect is presented, and the estimated sensitivity is 2.22 ± 0.08 pm/μ
Abstract: In this work we present a cost effective strain sensor based on micro-cavities produced through the re-use of optical fibers destroyed by the catastrophic fuse effect. The strain sensor estimated sensitivity is 2.22 ±0.08 pm/μƐ. After the fuse effect, the damaged fiber becomes useless and, consequently, it is an economical solution for sensing proposes, when compared with the cavities produced using other complex methods. Also, the low thermal sensitivity is of great interest in several practical applications, allowing eluding cross-sensitivity with less instrumentation, and consequently less cost.

Cites background from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."

  • ...The phase difference of the optical FPI (φFPI) can be expressed as [4]: 2 2 FPI n L π φ λ = (1) Where λ is the wavelength of the incident light, n is the refractive index of cavity material and L is the physical length of the cavity....

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  • ...Among those, the Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) or FabryPerot Interferometer (FPI) micro-cavities based sensors have become the most attractive due to the miniature size, linear response and higher sensitivity [1, 4-6]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
22 Aug 2014
TL;DR: In this article, a cost effective solution based on micro cavity generated by the recycling of optical fibers destroyed through the catastrophic fuse effect is proposed, which considerably reduces the experimental complexity and the production costs.
Abstract: In the last decades the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) micro cavities based sensors have become one of the most attractive optical fiber sensing technologies. However, its production requires a significant economical investment. We propose a cost effective solution based on micro cavity generated by the recycling of optical fibers destroyed through the catastrophic fuse effect. This technique considerably reduces the experimental complexity and the production costs. In this paper, the application of these sensors in the monitoring of several parameters, such as refractive index, pressure, strain and temperature is presented.

Cites background from "Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..."

  • ...Nevertheless, the production of such sensing devices demands an high economical investments and requires complex implementations [7, 8]....

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DOI
Shiyu Li, Zhuoying Wang, Nishan Wu, Aodi Yu, Li Xia 
TL;DR: In this article , a self-feedback anti-symmetric coupled ring resonator (SACFRR) is proposed and demonstrated to generate the distinctive loss dependent bifid dips.
Abstract: A self-feedback anti-symmetric coupled fiber ring resonator (SACFRR) is proposed and demonstrated to generate the distinctive loss dependent bifid dips. The universal derivation of the ring resonators in both lightwave and optical carrier based microwave domains considering different conditions including attenuation, coupling and self-feedback is systematically elaborated, which is applicable to diverse ring resonator configurations. The lightwave and optical carrier based microwave experience different phase evolution during the cross-coupling procedure, thereby causing very different output. The anti-symmetric coupling strategy is creatively introduced into the ring resonator, which dominates the splitting of the original resonance dip for the optical carrier based microwave interferometry (OCMI). And OCMI shows the noticeable bifid dips within the lower envelope which receives less attention before. By performing the measurement of temperature and bend-induced loss, the bifid dips based demodulation of OCMI is employed to present the property of SACFRR and compared with the conventional upper envelope based demodulation, contributing to the utilization of lower envelope information. The temperature sensitivity is 521.4 kHz/$^{\circ }$C at 3.05 GHz and the bend-induced loss sensitivity is 24.845 MHz/turn (diameter of 2.30 cm) at 10 turns where is adjacent to the critical point of bifid dips merging. The proposed scheme provides an extraordinary design avenue which can be extended to diverse ring resonators in both photonic integrated circuits and fiber links for exploring compelling functions.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a dual-channel resonance acoustic sensor based on a polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectric (PE) membrane was presented.
Abstract: We present a dual-channel resonance acoustic sensor based on a poly-(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectric (PE) membrane which combines the Fabry–Pérot (FP) interference and PE effects. The deformation of circular thin films is indicated by interference and PE effects at the same time, and the noise level was decreased by real-time convolution of the two-way parallel signal. Studies reveal that at the film’s resonance frequency, the minimum detection limits for FP interference and the PE impact on acoustic waves are 2.61 and $15.64 ~\mu $ Pa/Hz1/2, respectively. The result of the convolution shows that the background noise has been reduced by 98.81% in relation to the PE signal and by 96.73% in relation to the FP interference signal, respectively. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the convolution is several times greater than the other two signals at 2 mPa.
References
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MonographDOI
21 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive and engaging introduction to optics for intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, which allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals.
Abstract: Introduction to Optics is now available in a re-issued edition from Cambridge University Press. Designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging introduction to intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, this text also allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals. Specific features of the text, in terms of coverage beyond traditional areas, include extensive use of matrices in dealing with ray tracing, polarization, and multiple thin-film interference; three chapters devoted to lasers; a separate chapter on the optics of the eye; and individual chapters on holography, coherence, fiber optics, interferometry, Fourier optics, nonlinear optics, and Fresnel equations.

927 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A detailed mechanism of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for sensing purposes has been discussed in this paper, where different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail.
Abstract: Since the introduction of optical fiber technology in the field of sensor based on the technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber-optic SPR sensors have witnessed a lot of advancements. This paper reports on the past, present, and future scope of fiber-optic SPR sensors in the field of sensing of different chemical, physical, and biochemical parameters. A detailed mechanism of the SPR technique for sensing purposes has been discussed. Different new techniques and models in this area that have been introduced are discussed in quite a detail. We have tried to put the different advancements in the order of their chronological evolution. The content of the review article may be of great importance for the research community who are to take the field of fiber-optic SPR sensors as its research endeavors.

824 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber.
Abstract: An approach to achieve simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is proposed by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer realized on tapered single-mode optical fiber. The attenuation peak wavelength of the interference with specific order in the transmission spectrum shifts with changes in the environmental refractive index and temperature. By utilizing S-band and C/L-band light sources, simultaneous discrimination of refractive index and temperature with the tapered fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated with the corresponding sensitivities of −23.188 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 0.071 nm/ °C, and −26.087 nm/RIU (blueshift) and 0.077 nm/°C (redshift) for the interference orders of 169 and 144, respectively.

551 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper

  • ...By tapering a fiber at two points along the fiber, we can form an effective in-line MZI as shown in Figure 7(f) [55,56]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors was realized, which combines very small size, high finesse, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes.
Abstract: We have realized a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity with CO2 laser-machined mirrors. It combines very small size, high finesse F>=130000, small waist and mode volume, and good mode matching between the fiber and cavity modes. This combination of features is a major advance for cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), as shown in recent CQED experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates enabled by this cavity [Y. Colombe et al., Nature 450, 272 (2007)]. It should also be suitable for a wide range of other applications, including coupling to solid-state emitters, gas detection at the single-particle level, fiber-coupled single-photon sources and high-resolution optical filters with large stopband.

418 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Since it can utilize high reflecting mirrors, the extrinsic structure is useful to obtain a high finesse interference signal [23]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.
Abstract: We propose simple and compact methods for implementing all-fiber interferometers. The interference between the core and the cladding modes of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is utilized. To excite the cladding modes from the fundamental core mode of a PCF, a coupling point or region is formed by using two methods. One is fusion splicing two pieces of a PCF with a small lateral offset, and the other is partially collapsing the air-holes in a single piece of PCF. By making another coupling point at a different location along the fiber, the proposed all-PCF interferometer is implemented. The spectral response of the interferometer is investigated mainly in terms of its wavelength spectrum. The spatial frequency of the spectrum was proportional to the physical length of the interferometer and the difference between the modal group indices of involved waveguide modes. For the splicing type interferometer, only a single spatial frequency component was dominantly observed, while the collapsing type was associated with several components at a time. By analyzing the spatial frequency spectrum of the wavelength spectrum, the modal group index differences of the PCF were obtained from 2.83×10-3 to 4.65 ×10-3 . As potential applications of the all-PCF interferometer, strain sensing is experimentally demonstrated and ultra-high temperature sensing is proposed.

418 citations


"Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...However, in this case, coupling to several cladding modes was observed and controlling the number of involved modes was not so simple [51]....

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  • ...Even with PCF, an MZI can be formed by simply fusion-splicing a piece of PCF between fibers with a small intentional deviation [51]....

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  • ...In reference [51], as low as 2 dB splicing loss was achieved by making the mode coupling to dominantly one cladding mode of the PCF....

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