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Intermediate microeconomics : A modern approach

01 Jan 2006-
TL;DR: The Varian approach as mentioned in this paper gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation, and is still the most modern presentation of the subject.
Abstract: This best-selling text is still the most modern presentation of the subject. The Varian approach gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation.
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Journal ArticleDOI
19 Dec 2019
TL;DR: This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania and variations within and across countries are important.
Abstract: Background. The World Health Organization has recommended pilot implementation of a candidate vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. This exploratory study aimed to estimate the costs of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Methods. Key informants of the expanded program on immunization at all levels in each country were interviewed on the resources required for implementing RTS,S for routine vaccination. Unit prices were derived from the same sources or from international price lists. Incremental costs in 2015 US dollars were aggregated per fully vaccinated child (FVC). It was assumed the four vaccine doses were either all delivered at health facilities or the fourth dose was delivered in an outreach setting. Results. The costs per FVC ranged from US$25 (Burkina Faso) to US$37 (Kenya) assuming a vaccine price of US$5 per dose. Across countries, recurrent costs represented the largest share dominated by vaccines (including wastage) and supply costs. Non-recurrent costs varied substantially across countries, mainly because of differences in needs for hiring personnel, in wages, in cold-room space, and equipment. Recent vaccine introductions in the countries may have had an impact on resource availability for a new vaccine implementation. Delivering the fourth dose in outreach settings raised the costs, mostly fuel, per FVC by less than US$1 regardless of the country. Conclusions. This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S. Variations within and across countries are important and the unknown future price per dose and wastage rate for this candidate vaccine adds substantially to the uncertainty about the actual costs of implementation.

10 citations


Cites background from "Intermediate microeconomics : A mod..."

  • ...Additionally, in the short term, incremental costs are given by variable rather than by fixed production inputs within the existing maximum production capacity.(19) Within the context of our study, this means that, where no additional fixed cost is incurred (e....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of road user charging for the reduction of local pollution in environmentally sensitive areas is investigated. But the main question is to investigate the interdependencies between the price setting strategies of neighbouring institutions with conflicting objectives and what the optimal strategy would be if environmental considerations are included.
Abstract: This paper analyses the application of road user charging for the reduction of local pollution in environmentally sensitive areas. The key question is to investigate the interdependencies between the price setting strategies of neighbouring institutions with conflicting objectives and what the optimal strategy would be if environmental considerations are included. The analysis is carried out using a large network case study with two transport sensitive areas of different type in the Trans-Pennine corridor: the Peak District National Park, as a sensitive ecosystem and area of high recreational value, and the Sheffield Air Quality Management Area (AQMA), as an area with very high population density. Different combinations of user charging between both areas and the surrounding motorways have been analysed. For each combination, cordon charges and distance based motorway tolls have been determined that optimise the welfare gains under the objectives given in that scenario. The overall welfare of the region would be maximised under a global co-operative regulation scenario including all players. However, left to their own devices, the authorities might be tempted to play a Nash game and set the tolls at a level that results in a positive outcome for the local area but reduces the net welfare for the entire network compared to a co-ordinated introduction of charges. If motorways are not tolled, overall welfare can even be reduced due to wide diversion of traffic in the area. Regarding environmental impacts, substantial improvements within the sensitive areas and on the motorways for which charges have been applied can be achieved, although the reductions in environmental costs over the case study region are small. In conclusion, a charging instrument can be successful in reducing local environmental problems but implementation in isolation of surrounding areas needs to be avoided.

10 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a financial analysis shows the obvious economic advantage of growing large-sized timber over small one and identifies a number of factors affecting forest growers' decision to cut early their trees which include: faster rate of returns from investment, financial status/needs of forest growers; current credit regulations; active role of timber intermediaries in distributing timber from producers to end users; high demand for small timber; and lack of information on profitability of large sized timber.
Abstract: Market for timber in YenBai province is quite clearly defined with two major products: small timber for pulp and wood-chips and large-sized timber for furniture to be consumed either domestically or internationally. A financial analysis shows the obvious economic advantage of growing large-sized timber over small one. However, most of private forest growers have chosen to grow small timber. The study identifies a number of factors affecting forest growers' decision to cut early their trees which include: faster rate of returns from investment, financial status/needs of forest growers; current credit regulations; active role of timber intermediaries in distributing timber from producers to end users; high demand for small timber; and lack of information on profitability of large-sized timber.

10 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a game involving a terrorist, the terrorist's benefactor, and a government protecting against terrorism is modeled, and the implications of letting the benefactor choose optimal funding and/or punishment for crime, for example eliminating punishment if both are chosen optimally.
Abstract: We model a game involving a terrorist, the terrorist’s benefactor, and a government protecting against terrorism. The terrorist generates terrorism effort using its own resources, funding from a benefactor, and crime. Crime can be lucrative for a terrorist but may deter benefactors, thus causing a strategic dilemma. The model accounts for resources, costs of effort, valuations of terrorism by the three players, and crime production characteristics. We determine how a variety of model parameters, the government, and the benefactor influence a terrorist’s terrorism and crime efforts, and relative ideological orientation along a continuum from ideological to criminal. We determine which factors impact government protection, for example that it is inverse U shaped in terrorism effort. We determine the implications of letting the benefactor choose optimal funding and/or punishment for crime, for example eliminating punishment if both are chosen optimally. The model parameters are estimated for sixty-five terrorist groups using the global terrorism database and the fragile states index.

10 citations