Book•
Intermediate microeconomics : A modern approach
01 Jan 2006-
TL;DR: The Varian approach as mentioned in this paper gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation, and is still the most modern presentation of the subject.
Abstract: This best-selling text is still the most modern presentation of the subject. The Varian approach gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation.
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TL;DR: If the spectrum pricing is linear, then the pre-existing SP can always succeed in predation and on the other hand, if government switches to quadratic spectrum pricing, then it is always possible to restrain the predatory behavior.
Abstract: Predation refers to the strategic reduction of market price by a monopolist in order to eradicate its potential competitors. We investigate this strategy in a single service provider (SP) dominated cellular network for two different cases: 1) when a new contender attempts to enter into the network and 2) when the contender has already entered and is co-existing with the dominant SP. In both the cases, the sole objective of the predating SP is driving its opponent into losses, therefore discouraging its entry/stay in the market. In this letter, with the assumption that the government is sole provider of bandwidth and infrastructure, we establish the followings: 1) if the spectrum pricing is linear, then the pre-existing SP can always succeed in predation and 2) on the other hand, if government switches to quadratic spectrum pricing, then it is always possible to restrain the predatory behavior.
7 citations
Cites background from "Intermediate microeconomics : A mod..."
...This scenario fits well into the category of perfect competition and the resource allocation process lies in the vicinity of pareto optimal solution [1]....
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Dissertation•
25 Jul 2011
7 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the demand patterns of poor households during a period of rising prices, focusing on three main constructs namely the poor, rising prices and demand patterns, and found that the very poor spent more than half of their income on food.
Abstract: This study investigated the demand patterns of poor households during a period of rising prices. Focus was on three main constructs namely the poor, rising prices and the demand patterns. The study was on Bophelong, a township in South Africa. This study was conducted from an empirical, quantitative approach which was preceded by a literature review. The main objective of conducting the literature review was to provide a theoretical framework for questionnaire design and empirical work. Cross sectional data was collected at Bophelong households. On completion of the survey, the poor were selected from the non-poor by means of a poverty line. The poor were further divided into two categories, namely moderately poor and the very poor. Moderately poor households were categorised by an income ranging 50% to 99% inclusively of their household poverty line. The very poor households were categorised by an income in the range of 0 to 49% inclusively of their poverty line. Using the above division, the total poverty rate was 56% of the total sample, 26% being moderately poor and 30% very poor. The poverty gap ratio for all the poor in the sample was 0.48, meaning that on average, the poor needed 48% of their current income to reach their poverty line. This ratio was 0.29 for the moderately poor households and 0.69 for the very poor households. A logistic regression done on the determinants of poverty in Bophelong showed that household size, age of the household head, monthly household income and the employment status of the household head were significant in determining poverty. The monthly average household income in Bophelong was R2 910. For the moderately poor households it was R1 641 for the and R932 for the very poor households. Household size was 3.96 for the whole sample size, 2.97 for the non-poor households, 4.2 for the moderately poor households and 4.7 for the very poor households. The study revealed that demand patterns of the poor differ from those of the non-poor. In addition the moderately poor households‟ demand patterns differ from the very poor An analysis of the poor‟s demand patterns during rising prices: the case of Bophelong household. The greatest part of income of the poor is spent on basic food stuffs. The very poor spent more than half of their income (53%) on food. The study indicated that bread is a giffen good only to the very poor households where quantity demanded moves in the same direction with price. In the non-poor households, bread is regarded inferior. A commodity can be overly a necessity, but the degree of necessity differs with a households‟ economic status. In some cases, a commodity was a necessity in the very poor households but a luxury in the non-poor. The way households substitute one good for another depends on their income levels. In conclusion, the study recommends that for poverty alleviation policies to effectively target the very poor in reducing malnutrition and hunger, these very poor should be studied separetely from the poor households. This is because households of…
7 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This work proposes a multilingual framework to tackle the STS task in a low-resource language e.g. Spanish, Arabic, Indonesian and Thai by utilizing the rich annotation data in a rich resource language, and extends the basic monolingual STS framework to a shared multilingual encoder pretrained with translation task to incorporate rich- resource language data.
Abstract: Measuring the semantic similarity between two sentences (or Semantic Textual Similarity - STS) is fundamental in many NLP applications. Despite the remarkable results in supervised settings with adequate labeling, little attention has been paid to this task in low-resource languages with insufficient labeling. Existing approaches mostly leverage machine translation techniques to translate sentences into rich-resource language. These approaches either beget language biases, or be impractical in industrial applications where spoken language scenario is more often and rigorous efficiency is required. In this work, we propose a multilingual framework to tackle the STS task in a low-resource language e.g. Spanish, Arabic , Indonesian and Thai, by utilizing the rich annotation data in a rich resource language, e.g. English. Our approach is extended from a basic monolingual STS framework to a shared multilingual encoder pretrained with translation task to incorporate rich-resource language data. By exploiting the nature of a shared multilingual encoder, one sentence can have multiple representations for different target translation language, which are used in an ensemble model to improve similarity evaluation. We demonstrate the superiority of our method over other state of the art approaches on SemEval STS task by its significant improvement on non-MT method, as well as an online industrial product where MT method fails to beat baseline while our approach still has consistently improvements.
7 citations
TL;DR: Sen's capability approach is often criticized for its alleged individualism; various approaches have been suggested to overcome this problem as mentioned in this paper, and the notion of collective capabilities is best known w...
Abstract: Sen's capability approach is often criticized for its alleged individualism; various approaches have been suggested to overcome this problem. The notion of ‘collective capabilities’ is best known w...
7 citations