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Intermediate microeconomics : A modern approach
01 Jan 2006-
TL;DR: The Varian approach as mentioned in this paper gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation, and is still the most modern presentation of the subject.
Abstract: This best-selling text is still the most modern presentation of the subject. The Varian approach gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation.
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TL;DR: In this article, a methodology was developed to identify agri-environmental indicators of the environmental, economic and social dimensions of the farming systems, which were used for selecting sustainability indicators were policy relevance, measurability, validity/analytical soundness, level of aggregation/communication to the user.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a value-oriented approach to impact assessment is proposed, where an economic analysis of the optimal use of environmental and social resources is conducted from both a burden-oriented and a valueoriented standpoint.
Abstract: Environmental Impact Assessment has gained a prominent position as a tool to evaluate the environmental effects of economic activities. However, all approaches proposed so far use a burden‐oriented logic. They concentrate on the different environmental impacts in order to ascertain the overall environmental damage caused by economic activity. This paper argues that such a burden‐oriented view is (a) hampered by a series of methodological shortcomings which hinders its widespread use in practice; and (b) is analytically incomplete. The paper proposes a value‐oriented approach to impact assessment. For this purpose an economic analysis of the optimal use of environmental and social resources is conducted from both a burden‐oriented and a value‐oriented standpoint. The basic logic of a value‐oriented impact assessment is explained, as well as the resulting economic conditions for an optimal use of resources. In addition, it is shown that value‐ and burden‐oriented approaches are complementary to achieve opti...
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider various measures and conclude that only auctioning the rights after 2012 nullifies the additional profits and explain why this market value is only partly passed on to consumers.
Abstract: The greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the European Union primarily uses grandfathering until 2012, which means that polluters get emission rights free of charge based on their historical emissions. Energy consumers accuse energy producers of making windfall profits by incorporating the market value of those free rights into the energy prices. However, we develop a numerical example to illustrate that the reasoning of the producers is correct. We also explain why this market value is only partly passed on to consumers. We consider various measures and conclude that only auctioning the rights after 2012 nullifies the additional profits.
55 citations
Additional excerpts
...In economics, the concept of opportunity cost must be taken into account whenever a resource can be used in alternative ways (Varian 2003)....
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TL;DR: A significant increase in the total consumption of oral ciprofloxacin in PHC was observed in Denmark and the increase in consumption was significantly correlated with ciproprofl oxacin resistance in E. coli obtained from urine isolates.
Abstract: Results: During 2002, the number of marketed versions increased from 3 to 10, and the median price per DDD decreased by 53%. From 2002 to 2005, the total consumption of oral ciprofloxacin in PHC increased significantly from 0.13 DDD/1000 inhabitant-days to 0.33 DDD/1000 inhabitant-days. During the same period, the frequency of ciprofloxacin resistance increased by 200%. A statistically significant correlation was found between the consumption of ciprofloxacin and the ciprofloxacin resistance rate in E. coli urine isolates, independent of the introduction of generic ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: After the introduction of generic ciprofloxacin, a significant increase in the total consumption of oral ciprofloxacin in PHC was observed in Denmark. The increase in consumption was significantly correlated with ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli obtained from urine isolates.
55 citations
TL;DR: Simulation results show that, in comparison to previously proposed routing protocols, namely, AODV-EHA and LTB-AODV (Light-Weight Trust-Based Routing Protocol), the proposed ETARP can keep the same security level while achieving more energy efficiency for data packet delivery.
Abstract: This paper presents a new routing protocol called Secure and Energy Aware Routing Protocol (ETARP) designed for energy efficiency and security for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). ETARP attempts to deal with WSN applications operating in extreme environments such as the battlefield. The key part of the routing protocol is route selection based on utility theory. The concept of utility is a novel approach to simultaneously factor energy efficiency and trustworthiness of routes in the routing protocol. ETARP discovers and selects routes on the basis of maximum utility with incurring additional cost in overhead compared to the common AODV (Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol. Simulation results show that, in comparison to previously proposed routing protocols, namely, AODV-EHA and LTB-AODV (Light-Weight Trust-Based Routing Protocol), the proposed ETARP can keep the same security level while achieving more energy efficiency for data packet delivery.
55 citations
Cites background from "Intermediate microeconomics : A mod..."
...That is, the utility of a route is the product of utility on all the M−1 hops [27]....
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...The goal is not to determine the exact value of utility, which is problematic, but to determinewhether a choice of a particular good or product has a higher utility compared to others [27]....
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