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Intermediate microeconomics : A modern approach

01 Jan 2006-
TL;DR: The Varian approach as mentioned in this paper gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation, and is still the most modern presentation of the subject.
Abstract: This best-selling text is still the most modern presentation of the subject. The Varian approach gives students tools they can use on exams, in the rest of their classes, and in their careers after graduation.
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors theoretically established the application of Cournot's model of competition as the reduced form of two-stage competition in oligopoly markets, in the circumstances with limited capacities.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to theoretically establish the application of Cournot’s model of competition as the reduced form of two-stage competition in oligopoly markets, in the circumstances with limited capacities. In this manner, a valuable tool is provided to the competition protection authority for analysing the unilateral effects of the horizontal mergers. The outcome of the two-stage competition, where firms chose to have a certain level of capacity, before the price competition, coincides with the outcome of the Cournot quantity competition model. Moreover, it turns out that this result is valid both for the homogeneous products markets and for the markets with differentiated products. This contradicts a standard attitude that quantity is a strategic variable exclusively within the homogeneous product markets. While controlling horizontal mergers, the competition authority often relies on traditional analysis elements, which start with the definition of the relevant market and market shares, and the concentration measures based on that definition. Analyses of this kind are carried out almost in a standard manner, for both markets with homogeneous and differentiated products. It is easy to verify that every analysis of this type encompasses the mentioned model of quantity competition in its foundation. Therefore, the discussion that is presented attempts to eliminate doubts related to the role of the Cournot model in merger control policy.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of forest royalty (PSDH) and reforestation fund (DR) on the welfare of roundwood market and wood products market was investigated. And the authors concluded that increasing PSDH and DR separately will increase the price of round wood, except pulp wood of HTI, and will increase wood products.
Abstract: In the last three decades the forestry sector has given important contribution to the government revenues, among others are recieved from forest royalty (PSDH) and reforestation fund (DR). To determine the impact of implementation of PSDH and DR policy on welfare then elasticity of supply and demand of roundwood market and wood products market were determined, and use from previous study. Data used in this study was time series from year 1995 to year 2009. This study was concluded that increasing PSDH and DR separately will increase the price of roundwood, except the price of pulp wood of HTI, and will increase the price of wood products. An increased DR and PSDH at the sametime will increase the price of roundwood and wood products. Increased PSDH will encourage higher production of roundwood and wood products, except of plywood which was not much influenced by increased market prices. Increased DR will increase roundwood production, except the pulp wood of HTI. Increased DR will increase production of sawn timber. While increased DR and PSDH will simultaneously increase the production of roundwood from natural forest, construction wood and pulp wood from HTI as well as sawntimber and pulp product. Increased PSDH and DR will increase producer welfare and reduce consumer welfare of roundwood.

Cites background from "Intermediate microeconomics : A mod..."

  • ...…kayu bulat juga menurun, et al pulp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 B. Permasalahan Penelitian dan akan berdampak kepada penurunan penerimaan pemerintah dari PSDH dan DR. Instrumen pajak akan mempengaruhi perubahan kemiringan ( ) garis anggaran ( ) dengan merubah harga yang diterima oleh konsumen (Varian, 1987)....

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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, an estudo visando o conhecimento das relacoes estruturais do mercado interno de um======¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯pais como o Brasil permitem prover melhor orientacao nas decisoes de consumidores e dos agentes do governo vinculados ao setor agropecuario na elaboracao, implantacao e orientacão das politicas governamentais.
Abstract: A avicultura de corte no Brasil atingiu, em 2004, um volume de producao mensal de cerca de 8,5 milhoes de toneladas, segundo maior produtor de carne de frango do mundo. Nesse sentido, estudos visando o conhecimento das relacoes estruturais do mercado interno de um pais como o Brasil permitem prover melhor orientacao nas decisoes de consumidores e produtores e dos agentes do governo vinculados ao setor agropecuario na elaboracao, implantacao e orientacao das politicas governamentais. Dai surge a importância de conhecer melhor e de forma atualizada o comportamento da demanda e oferta de carne de frango no Brasil e a estimativa de suas elasticidades. O objetivo geral do presente estudo e analisar a estrutura e o comportamento do mercado brasileiro de carne de frango. O modelo utilizado para estimar a oferta e demanda foi de equacoes simultâneas. Os resultados mostraram que, a carne de frango e um bem inelastico, normal e tem a carne de boi como um bem substituto. No referente a oferta interna de carne de frango, verifica-se, por outro lado, que os produtores brasileiros de carne de frango sao sensiveis as variacoes de preco do produto. Os resultados obtidos sugerem tambem que, mudancas no preco do milho fator de producoes essenciais para a avicultura de corte originam variacoes no sentido inverso, no consumo pelos produtores, dado que seus custos de producao se modificam.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used the theory of environmental externalities to assess socio-ecological sustainability and the survival of coastal communities in Nigeria, arguing that petroleum exploitation activities of multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) in the coastal and marine areas of the Niger Delta in Nigeria produce negative externalities and impose them on the environment at the expense of the coastal communities.
Abstract: This paper operationalizes the theory of environmental externalities to assess socio-ecological sustainability and the survival of coastal communities in Nigeria. It argues that petroleum exploitation activities of Multinational Oil Corporations (MNOCs)in the coastal and marine areas of the Niger Delta in Nigeria produce negative environmental externalities and impose them on the environment at the expense of the survival of the coastal communities as third parties. The paper adopts the library research technique for data collection, while the analyses were conducted in the realm of the theory of environmental externalities. In the end, the paper identifies the theory of environmental externalities as a veritable tool for demystifying the costs and benefits of petroleum exploitation in Nigeria. In the realm of the theory also, the paper was able to underscore the fact that the negative environmental externalities, which are outcomes of the petroleum exploitation activities in the coastal and marine areas of the Niger Delta in Nigeria to a large extent, negatively impact socio-ecological sustainability and the survival of coastal communities in the region. Consequently, the paper concludes that the negative spill-over effects of petroleum exploitation on the coastal and marine environment undermine socio-ecological sustainability and risk the survival of the coastal communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Therefore, it recommends that the MNOCs, and the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), which are the benefiting parties of the petroleum industry in the country should be more liable and adequately, compensate the coastal communities for the spill-over effects of the petroleum exploitation activities in the region. In addition, vital ecological regions should be identified and mapped out as protected areas (PAs) to avoid overexploitation on one hand, and on the other hand, to conserve the natural ecosystem resources the coastal communities depend on for survival in Nigeria..
Posted Content
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the existence of inferior inputs is associated with the presence of increasing returns, and possibly make the case for inferiority considerably stronger; however, it is not necessary that some inputs are "rivals" (i.e., that some marginal productivity cross derivative is negative).
Abstract: A necessary and sufficient condition for an input to be inferior is that, taking into account the input adjustment, an increase of its price raises the marginal productivity of all inputs. Contrary to a widespread opinion, it is not necessary that (some) inputs are “rivals” (i.e., that some marginal productivity cross derivative is negative). We discuss these facts and illustrate them by introducing a few simple functional forms for the production function. Our results suggest that the existence of inferior inputs is naturally associate to the presence of increasing returns, and possibly make the case for inferiority considerably stronger. J.E.L. Classification: D11, D21, D24.