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Journal ArticleDOI

International comparison of health care systems using resource profiles

01 Jan 2000-Bulletin of The World Health Organization (World Health Organization)-Vol. 78, Iss: 6, pp 770-778
TL;DR: A simple framework for comparing data underlying health care systems is presented, which distinguishes measures of real resources, for example human resources, medicines and medical equipment, from measures of financial resources such as expenditures.
Abstract: The most frequently used bases for comparing international health care resources are health care expenditures, measured either as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP) or per capita. There are several possible reasons for this, including the widespread availability of historic expenditure figures; the attractiveness of collapsing resource data into a common unit of measurement; and the present focus among OECD member countries and other governments on containing health care costs. Despite important criticisms of this method, relatively few alternatives have been used in practice. A simple framework for comparing data underlying health care systems is presented in this article. It distinguishes measures of real resources, for example human resources, medicines and medical equipment, from measures of financial resources such as expenditures. Measures of real resources are further subdivided according to whether their factor prices are determined primarily in national or global markets. The approach is illustrated using a simple analysis of health care resource profiles for Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the USA. Comparisons based on measures of both real resources and expenditures can be more useful than conventional comparisons of expenditures alone and can lead to important insights for the future management of health care systems.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Bayesian approach to national data indicated that the increase in expenditures per capita would alleviate the incidence of deaths caused by CVD, and the public health policies in relation to patients with CVD should focus on the future on higher expenditures per person.
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death in Romania. The objective of the paper is to explain the number of deaths caused by the diseases of circulatory system in relation to health expenditures per capita, the number of public hospitals with cardiology sections and the number of cardiologists. The analysis in the paper is based on panel data models and Bayesian linear models. A panel data approach for Romanian macro-regions in the period from 1995–2016 was used to show that an increase in the number of cardiologists would reduce the number of deaths caused by the diseases of circulatory system. The Bayesian approach to national data indicated that the increase in expenditures per capita would alleviate the incidence of deaths caused by CVD. The public health policies in relation to patients with CVD should focus on the future on higher expenditures per person, but the number of public hospitals and doctors treating these diseases should also continue to grow. Future healthcare policies should be also focused on reducing the number of specialists migrating to wealthier countries.

14 citations

14 Nov 2014
TL;DR: Pharmaceutics, Bio Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Novel Drug Delivery System, Pharmaceutical chemistry including medicinal and analytical chemistry; Pharmacognosy including herbal products standardization and Phytochemistry; Pharmacology, Bio Technology.
Abstract: Pharmaceutics, Bio Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Novel Drug Delivery System, Pharmaceutical chemistry including medicinal and analytical chemistry; Pharmacognosy including herbal products standardization and Phytochemistry; Pharmacology, Bio Technology: Allied sciences including drug regulatory affairs, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmaceutical biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Education and Hospital Pharmacy.Â

12 citations

Dissertation
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive compilation of evidence on swallowing management for tracheostomies and indicates the need for further studies to understand practices in majority world contexts.
Abstract: Dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is one of the main disorders experienced by people with tracheostomies (PWTs). It results in aspiration and increased risk of respiratory complications. A preliminary review of existing literature indicates considerable variation in practices involved in the management of this disorder. This scoping review aims to describe these processes in various countries and analyse them in relation to majority and minority world contexts. A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) framework, followed bya thematic analysis of the literature. An online databasesearch of articles published between 1 January 1990 and 1 April 2016 was performed, and those pertaining to surgery, general tracheostomy care and paediatrics were excluded. The results confirm that research on the subject comes mainly from minority world countries. Thematic analysis reveals evolving trends in practices that vary within and between majority and minority world contexts, and indicates increasing efforts by professionals in the latter regions to achieve global standardisation. The greatest variations appear in blue dye tests, cuff deflation status during oral feeding and the use of the speaking valve to manage swallowing. There are also discrepancies among the professionals involved. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of evidence on swallowing management for PWTs and indicates the need for further studies to understand practices in majority world contexts.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Feb 2011
TL;DR: It is argued that the lack of universal health care coverage and a single payer system are among the problems that the United States needs to address in order to improve its health care delivery.
Abstract: Data Envelopment analysis of the health care delivery system of G12 nations is presented here. Japan and Spain scored the highest and the US, the lowest level of relative efficiencies. Health care outputs are life expectancy and infant mortality. Inputs are per capita health care expenditure; population adjusted physicians, hospital beds, and MRI; and a proxy for the level of education. DEA tests are applied for the 1991-1995 period using both CCR and BCC models. The paper argues that the lack of universal health care coverage and a single payer system are among the problems that the United States needs to address in order to improve its health care delivery.

10 citations

Book Chapter
01 Jan 2013

9 citations


Cites background from "International comparison of health ..."

  • ...These indicators do not show the direct link between health system performance and population health, as they are often crude and depend on numerous other factors (Anell & Willis, 2000)....

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References
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Book
15 May 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of investment in education and training on earnings and employment are discussed. But the authors focus on the relationship between age and earnings and do not explore the relation between education and fertility.
Abstract: "Human Capital" is Becker's study of how investment in an individual's education and training is similar to business investments in equipment. Becker looks at the effects of investment in education on earnings and employment, and shows how his theory measures the incentive for such investment, as well as the costs and returns from college and high school education. Another part of the study explores the relation between age and earnings. This edition includes four new chapters, covering recent ideas about human capital, fertility and economic growth, the division of labour, economic considerations within the family, and inequality in earnings.

12,071 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of investments in human capital on an individual's potential earnings and psychic income was analyzed, taking into account varying cultures and political regimes, the research indicates that economic earnings tend to be positively correlated to education and skill level.
Abstract: A diverse array of factors may influence both earnings and consumption; however, this work primarily focuses on the impact of investments in human capital upon an individual's potential earnings and psychic income. For this study, investments in human capital include such factors as educational level, on-the-job skills training, health care, migration, and consideration of issues regarding regional prices and income. Taking into account varying cultures and political regimes, the research indicates that economic earnings tend to be positively correlated to education and skill level. Additionally, studies indicate an inverse correlation between education and unemployment. Presents a theoretical overview of the types of human capital and the impact of investment in human capital on earnings and rates of return. Then utilizes empirical data and research to analyze the theoretical issues related to investment in human capital, specifically formal education. Considered are such issues as costs and returns of investments, and social and private gains of individuals. The research compares and contrasts these factors based upon both education and skill level. Areas of future research are identified, including further analysis of issues regarding social gains and differing levels of success across different regions and countries. (AKP)

7,869 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The United States has the lowest percentage of the population with government-assured health insurance, and it also has the fewest hospital days per capita, the highest hospital expenditures per day, and substantially higher physician incomes than the other OECD countries.
Abstract: In 1997 the United States spent $3,925 per capita on health or 13.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), while the median Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country spent $1,728 or 7.5 percent. From 1990 to 1997 U.S. health spending per capita increased 4.3 percent per year, compared with the OECD median of 3.8 percent. The United States has the lowest percentage of the population with government-assured health insurance. It also has the fewest hospital days per capita, the highest hospital expenditures per day, and substantially higher physician incomes than the other OECD countries. On the available outcome measures, the United States is generally in the bottom half, and its relative ranking has been declining since 1960.

183 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Part 1: health care and cost containment in the EU - an overview - health care systems, health care spending, cost containment measures,cost containment measures in practice, Eli Mossialos and Julian Le Grand and Panos Kanovos.
Abstract: Part 1: health care and cost containment in the EU - an overview - health care systems, health care spending, cost containment measures, cost containment measures in practice, Eli Mossialos and Julian Le Grand cost containment and health expenditure in the EU - a macroeconomic perspective, Panos Kanovos is there convergence in health expenditures of the EU member states?, Adelina Comas-Herrera. Part 2: cost containment and health care reform in Belgium, David Crainich and Marie-Christine Closon health care and cost containment in Denmark, Terkel Christiansen et al cost containment in Germany - 20 years experience, Reinhard Busse and Chris Howorth cost containment and health care in Greece, Aris Sissouras et al cost containment in health care - the case of Spain, Guillem Lopez i Casanovas 20 years of cures for the French health care system, Pierre-Jean Lancry and Simone Sandier health expenditure and cost containment in Ireland, Jenny Hughes cost containment and structural reforms in the Italian national health service, Giovanni Fattore cost containment in health care - the case of Luxembourg, Elias Mossialos developments in health care cost containment in the Netherlands, Mirjam van het Loo et al health expenditure and cost control in Austria, Engerbert Theurl health care reform and cost containment in Portugal, Joao Pereira et al cost containment in Finnish health care, Unto Hakkinen health care forms and cost containment - the Swedish experience, Anders Anell and Patrick Svarvar cost containment and health care reforms in the British NHS, Giovanni Fattore.

164 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two of the most seasoned observers of comparative health system research and a colleague provide the latest data and some commentary upon them for the health care enterprises of the twenty-four countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Abstract: Prologue: Changes in the way health care systems finance services are often driven by some combination of data, public pressure, payer receptivity, and the expressed views of the medical profession and allied disciplines. In this paper, two of the most seasoned observers of comparative health system research and a colleague provide the latest data and some commentary upon them for the health care enterprises of the twenty-four countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). George Schieber is director of the Office of Research at the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). Jean-Pierre Poullier is principal administrator, Directorate for Social Affairs, Manpower, and Education for the OECD in Paris. Leslie Greenwald is a health policy analyst in the HCFA Office of Research and also a doctoral candidate in public policy at the University of Virginia. The OECD's health database provides the most current road map available to compare the status of the ...

118 citations