International one-atmosphere equation of state of seawater
01 Jun 1981-Vol. 28, Iss: 6, pp 625-629
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new 1-atm equation of state for seawater that has been suggested for use by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards.
Abstract: The density measurements by Millero, Gonzalez and Ward (1976, Journal of Marine Research,34, 61–93) and Poisson, Brunet and Brun-Cottan (1980, Deep-Sea Research, 27, 1013–1028), from 0 to 40°C and 0.5 to 43 salinity, have been used to determine a new 1-atm equation of state for seawater. The equation is of the form (t°C; S; ϱ kg m−3) ρ=ρ 0 +AS+BS 3 2 +CS , where A=8.24493×10 −1 −4.0899×10 −3 t+7.6438×10 −5 t 2 −8.2467×10 −7 t 3 +5.3875×10 −9 t 4 B=−5.72466×10 −3 +1.0227×10 −4 t−1.6546×10 −6 t 2 C=4.8314×10 −4 and ϱ0 is the density of water ( Bigg , 1967, British Journal of Applied Physics, 8, 521–537). ρ 0 =999.842594+6.793952×10 −2 t−9.095290× −3 t 2 +1.001685×10 −4 t 3 −1.120083×10 −6 t 4 +6.536336×10 −9 t 5 . The standard error of the equation is 3.6 × 10−3 kg m−3. This equation will become the new 1-atm equation of state of seawater that has been suggested for use by the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards.
Citations
More filters
01 Sep 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the state-of-the-art for ship-board measurements of oceanic carbon dioxide in sea water, together with standard operating procedures and a quality control plan for measurements made as part of this survey.
Abstract: The collection of extensive, reliable, oceanic carbon data is a key component of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). A portion of the US JGOFS oceanic carbon dioxide measurements will be made during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program. A science team has been formed to plan and coordinate the various activities needed to produce high quality oceanic carbon dioxide measurements under this program. This handbook was prepared at the request of, and with the active participation of, that science team. The procedures have been agreed on by the members of the science team and describe well tested methods. They are intended to provide standard operating procedures, together with an appropriate quality control plan, for measurements made as part of this survey. These are not the only measurement techniques in use for the parameters of the oceanic carbon system; however, they do represent the current state-of-the-art for ship-board measurements. In the end, the editors hope that this handbook can serve widely as a clear and unambiguous guide to other investigators who are setting up to analyze the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water.
1,161 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the properties of seawater is presented in terms of regression equations as functions of temperature and salinity, and the available correlations for each property are summarized with their range of validity and accuracy.
Abstract: Correlations and data for the thermophysical properties of seawater are reviewed. Properties examined include density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, latent heat of vaporization, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient. These properties include those needed for design of thermal and membrane desalination processes. Results are presented in terms of regression equations as functions of temperature and salinity. The available correlations for each property are summarized with their range of validity and accuracy. Best-fi tted new correlations are obtained from available data for density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, boiling point elevation, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient after appropriate conversion of temperature and salinity scales to the most recent standards. In addition, a model for latent heat of vaporization is suggested. Comparisons are carried out amo...
1,008 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, uncertainties associated with the routine computation of O2 solubility (Co*) at 1 atm total pressure in pure water and seawater in equilibrium with air as a function of temperature and salinity were examined.
Abstract: We examined uncertainties associated with the routine computation of O2 solubility (Co*) at 1 atm total pressure in pure water and seawater in equilibrium with air as a function of temperature and salinity. We propose formulae expressing C*(at STP, real gas) in cm3 dm−3 and µmol kg−1 in the range (tF ≥ t 40°C; 0 ≥ S 42‰) based on a fit to precise data selected from the literature.
1,002 citations
01 Apr 2010
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the properties of seawater is presented in terms of regression equations as functions of temperature and salinity, and the available correlations for each property are summarized with their range of validity and accuracy.
Abstract: Correlations and data for the thermophysical properties of seawater are reviewed. Properties examined include density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, latent heat of vaporization, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient. These properties include those needed for design of thermal and membrane desalination processes. Results are presented in terms of regression equations as functions of temperature and salinity. The available correlations for each property are summarized with their range of validity and accuracy. Best-fi tted new correlations are obtained from available data for density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, boiling point elevation, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient after appropriate conversion of temperature and salinity scales to the most recent standards. In addition, a model for latent heat of vaporization is suggested. Comparisons are carried out amo...
859 citations
Cites methods from "International one-atmosphere equati..."
...Seawater surface tension variations with temperature and salinity calculated using Eq....
[...]
...(49)...
[...]
...Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Contents .................................................................................................................................
[...]
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: Reference Seawater is defined as any seawater that has the Reference Composition and a new Reference-Composition Salinity S R is defined to provide the best available estimate of the Absolute Salinity of both Reference Seawaters and the Standard SeawATER that was used in the measurements of the physical properties as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Fundamental determinations of the physical properties of seawater have previously been made for Atlantic surface waters, referred to as “Standard Seawater”. In this paper a Reference Composition consisting of the major components of Atlantic surface seawater is determined using these earlier analytical measurements. The stoichiometry of sea salt introduced here is thus based on the most accurate prior determination of the composition, adjusted to achieve charge balance and making use of the 2005 atomic weights. Reference Seawater is defined as any seawater that has the Reference Composition and a new Reference-Composition Salinity S R is defined to provide the best available estimate of the Absolute Salinity of both Reference Seawater and the Standard Seawater that was used in the measurements of the physical properties. From a practical point of view, the value of S R can be related to the Practical Salinity S by S R = ( 35.16504 / 35 ) g kg - 1 × S . Reference Seawater that has been “normalized” to a Practical Salinity of 35 has a Reference-Composition Salinity of exactly S R =35.16504 g kg −1 . The new independent salinity variable S R is intended to be used as the concentration variable for future thermodynamic functions of seawater, as an SI-based extension of Practical Salinity, as a reference for natural seawater composition anomalies, as the currently best estimate for Absolute Salinity of IAPSO Standard Seawater, and as a theoretical model for the electrolyte mixture “seawater”.
819 citations
References
More filters
01 Apr 1980
TL;DR: A new high pressure equation of state for water and seawater has been derived from the experimental results of Millero and coworkers in Miami and Bradshaw and Schleicher in Woods Hole as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A new high pressure equation of state for water and seawater has been derived from the experimental results of Millero and coworkers in Miami and Bradshaw and Schleicher in Woods Hole The form of the equation of state is a second degree secant bulk modulus
K = Pv0(v0−vp=K0+AP+BP2
K = Kw0+aS+bS32
A = Aw+cS+dS32
B = Bw+eS
where ν0 and νP are the specific volume at 0 and P applied pressure and S is the salinity (ℵ) The coefficients KWO, AW, and BW for the pure water part of the equation are polynomial functions of temperature The standard error of the pure water equation of state is 43 × 10−6 cm3 g−1 in νWP The temperature dependent parameters a, b, c, d, and e have been determined from the high pressure measurements on seawater The overall standard error of the seawater equation of state is 90 × 10−6 cm3 g−1 in νP Over the oceanic ranges of temperature, pressure, and salinity the standard error is 50 × 10−6 cm3 g−1 in νP This new high pressure equation of state has recently (1979) been recommended by the UNESCO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards for use by the oceanographic community
251 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the relative density (d d) of diluted and evaporated standard seawater solutions have been determined at one atmosphere with a magnetic float densimeter and a suspension balance from 0.5 to 40%0 salinity and 0 to 40°C.
Abstract: The relative density (d d.) of diluted and evaporated standard seawater solutions have been determined at one atmosphere with a magnetic float densimeter and a suspension balance from 0.5 to 40%0 salinity and 0 to 40°C. The resulting densities (d) have been fitted to an equation of the form (std. dev. 3.3 ppm) d = d. + A S(%o) + B S(%o)st• + C S(%o) where d. is the density of water (Kell, 1975), S(%o) is the salinity in parts per thousand and A, B, C are temperature dependent parameters. The smoothed densities have been compared to the results of other workers. Near 35%0 salinity our results agree on the average with Knudsen, et al., (1902) to ± 8.7 ppm; with Thompson and Wirth (1931) to ± 13 ppm; with Cox, et al., (1970) to ± 5.7 ppm; with Kremling (1972b) to ± 4.8 ppm and with Fofonoff and Bryden (1975) to ± 4.7 ppm. For Baltic Sea waters, our densities are lower than the results of other workers, and for Red and Mediterranean Sea waters our densities are higher. These deviations are related to the differences that occur (at a fixed chlorinity) between natural sea waters and estuaries and seawater diluted with pure water or slowly evaporated. By determining the total solids using composition data, the densities of all natural waters are shown to have nearly (± 10 ppm) the same density at the same concentration of total solids or true salinity. The expansibilities determined from the temperature dependence of our densities agree on the average to ± 0.4 X 10-0 deg-1 with the work of Knudsen, et al., to ± 1.8 X 10degwith the work of Cox, et al., and to ± I. 1 X 10degwith the work of Fofonoff and Bryden from O to 25°C and salinities of 30 to 40%0. These results are in agreement with the earlier findings of Millero and Lepple (1973) and indicate that although the densities calculated from the Hydrographic Tables (Knudsen, 1901) may be in error by as much as 10 X 10---- deg•
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a table of water densities over the range 0-40°C, expressed in SI units (kg m-3, i.e. 10-3 g cm-3), is presented.
Abstract: A table of water densities over the range 0-40°C, expressed in SI units (kg m-3, i.e. 10-3 g cm-3), is presented. The table has been obtained by applying the relationship 1 litre (1901) = 1.000 028 cm3 to new values derived from an improved combination of the observations of Chappuis and Thiesen on the dilatation of water, no modern determinations being, or likely soon to be, available. The table relates, as is usual, to air-free water, but the effect of air, which is small, is indicated.
79 citations
01 Dec 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the density of standard seawater P75 (S = 35‰ ) with a suspension balance was measured from 0 to 30°C with a vibrating densimeter.
Abstract: The density of standard seawater P75 ( S = 35‰ ) has been measured from 0 to 30°C with a suspension balance. This batch of standard seawater has been used together with a distilled water to calibrate a vibrating densimeter with which the density of diluted and concentrated standard seawater solutions has been determined at atmospheric pressure. The measurements have been carried out from 0 to 42‰ salinity and 0 to 30°C. Equations for density of standard seawater ( S = 35‰ ) vs the temperature and for density of standard seawater solutions vs the temperature and salinity have been fitted. The smoothed densities are compared with previous works.
23 citations