International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED 1997
01 Jan 2003-pp 195-220
TL;DR: The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) was designed by UNESCO in the early 1970s to serve as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) was designed by UNESCO in the early 1970’s to serve ‘as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally’.
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TL;DR: Around a third of Alzheimer's diseases cases worldwide might be attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors, and Alzheimer's disease incidence might be reduced through improved access to education and use of effective methods targeted at reducing the prevalence of vascular risk factors.
Abstract: Summary Background Recent estimates suggesting that over half of Alzheimer's disease burden worldwide might be attributed to potentially modifiable risk factors do not take into account risk-factor non-independence. We aimed to provide specific estimates of preventive potential by accounting for the association between risk factors. Methods Using relative risks from existing meta-analyses, we estimated the population-attributable risk (PAR) of Alzheimer's disease worldwide and in the USA, Europe, and the UK for seven potentially modifiable risk factors that have consistent evidence of an association with the disease (diabetes, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, physical inactivity, depression, smoking, and low educational attainment). The combined PAR associated with the risk factors was calculated using data from the Health Survey for England 2006 to estimate and adjust for the association between risk factors. The potential of risk factor reduction was assessed by examining the combined effect of relative reductions of 10% and 20% per decade for each of the seven risk factors on projections for Alzheimer's disease cases to 2050. Findings Worldwide, the highest estimated PAR was for low educational attainment (19·1%, 95% CI 12·3–25·6). The highest estimated PAR was for physical inactivity in the USA (21·0%, 95% CI 5·8–36·6), Europe (20·3%, 5·6–35·6), and the UK (21·8%, 6·1–37·7). Assuming independence, the combined worldwide PAR for the seven risk factors was 49·4% (95% CI 25·7–68·4), which equates to 16·8 million attributable cases (95% CI 8·7–23·2 million) of 33·9 million cases. However, after adjustment for the association between the risk factors, the estimate reduced to 28·2% (95% CI 14·2–41·5), which equates to 9·6 million attributable cases (95% CI 4·8–14·1 million) of 33·9 million cases. Combined PAR estimates were about 30% for the USA, Europe, and the UK. Assuming a causal relation and intervention at the correct age for prevention, relative reductions of 10% per decade in the prevalence of each of the seven risk factors could reduce the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in 2050 by 8·3% worldwide. Interpretation After accounting for non-independence between risk factors, around a third of Alzheimer's diseases cases worldwide might be attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors. Alzheimer's disease incidence might be reduced through improved access to education and use of effective methods targeted at reducing the prevalence of vascular risk factors (eg, physical inactivity, smoking, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, and diabetes) and depression. Funding National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.
1,854 citations
TL;DR: The validity and coverage of the Danish education registers are very high, and the most widely used register is the Population Education Register (PER).
Abstract: Introduction: Collection of systematic information on education is a long-established practice in Denmark. Content: We describe the education registers available through Statistics Denmark. In particular, we describe the most widely used register: the Population Education Register (PER). Validity and coverage: In 2008, 96% of the Danish population aged 15–69 have non-missing education information in PER. For the immigrant population born in the same cohorts the coverage is 85–90%, which is a high coverage in an international context. Conclusion: The validity and coverage of the Danish education registers are very high.
932 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that in older people cerebral small-vessel disease may contribute to cognitive decline by affecting information processing speed and executive function.
Abstract: Cerebral small-vessel disease is common in older people and may contribute to the development of dementia The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between measures of cerebral small-vessel disease on MRI and the rate of decline in specific cognitive domains in participants from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Scan Study Participants were 60-90 years of age and free from dementia at baseline in 1995-1996 White matter lesions (WML), cerebral infarcts and generalized brain atrophy were assessed on the baseline MRI We performed neuropsychological testing at baseline and repeatedly in 1999-2000 and in 2001-2003 We used random-effects models for repeated measures to examine the association between quantitative MRI measures and rate of decline in measures of global cognitive function, information processing speed, executive function and memory There were a total of 2266 assessments for the 832 participants in the study, with an average time from the initial to last assessment of 52 years Increasing severity of periventricular WML and generalized brain atrophy and the presence of brain infarcts on MRI were associated with a steeper decline in cognitive function These structural brain changes were specifically associated with decline in information processing speed and executive function The associations between MRI measures of cerebral small-vessel disease and cognitive decline did not change after additional adjustment for vascular risk factors or depressed mood After exclusion of participants with an incident stroke, some of the associations of periventricular WML, brain infarcts and generalized brain atrophy with measures of information processing speed and executive function were no longer significant This may indicate that stroke plays an intermediate role in the relationship between cerebral small-vessel disease and cognitive decline Our results suggest that in older people cerebral small-vessel disease may contribute to cognitive decline by affecting information processing speed and executive function
670 citations
TL;DR: SAGE is a longitudinal study with nationally representative samples of persons aged 50+ years in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa, with a smaller sample of adults aged 18-49 years in each country for comparisons.
Abstract: Population ageing is rapidly becoming a global issue and will have a major impact on health policies and programmes. The World Health Organization’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) aims to address the gap in reliable data and scientific knowledge on ageing and health in low- and middle-income countries. SAGE is a longitudinal study with nationally representative samples of persons aged 50+ years in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa, with a smaller sample of adults aged 18–49 years in each country for comparisons. Instruments are compatible with other large high-income country longitudinal ageing studies. Wave 1 was conducted during 2007–2010 and included a total of 34 124 respondents aged 50+ and 8340 aged 18–49. In four countries, a subsample consisting of 8160 respondents participated in Wave 1 and the 2002/04 World Health Survey (referred to as SAGE Wave 0). Wave 2 data collection will start in 2012/13, following up all Wave 1 respondents. Wave 3 is planned for 2014/15. SAGE is committed to the public release of study instruments, protocols and meta- and micro-data: access is provided upon completion of a Users Agreement available through WHO’s SAGE website (www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/sage) and WHO’s archive using the National Data Archive application (http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/systems/surveydata).
629 citations
TL;DR: Fear of falling and avoidance of activities due to fear of falling, were highly prevalent in the sample of community-living older people and particularly, poor perceived general health showed a strong, independent association with both, fear of fell, and related avoidance of activity.
Abstract: Background: little is known about the prevalence rates and correlates of fear of falling and avoidance of activity due to fear of falling in the general population of community-living older people. Objective: to assess prevalence rates and study correlates of fear of falling and avoidance of activity due to fear of falling in this population. Study design and setting: cross-sectional study in 4,031 community-living people aged ≥70 years. Results: fear of falling was reported by 54.3% and associated avoidance of activity by 37.9% of our population. Variables independently associated with fear of falling were: higher age (≥80 years: odds ratio (OR) = 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49‐2.16), female gender (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 2.76‐3.79), poor perceived general health (OR = 6.93; 95% CI = 4.70‐10.21) and multiple falls (OR = 5.72; 95% CI = 4.40‐7.43). Higher age (≥80 years: OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.59‐2.32), poor perceived general health (OR = 11.91; 95% CI = 8.38‐16.95) and multiple falls (OR = 4.64; 95% CI = 3.73‐5.76) were also independently associated with avoidance of activity. Conclusions: fear of falling and avoidance of activities due to fear of falling, were highly prevalent in our sample of community-living older people. Particularly, poor perceived general health showed a strong, independent association with both, fear of falling, and related avoidance of activity. Findings of our study may help health care professionals to identify people eligible for interventions aimed at reducing fear of falling and activity restriction.
598 citations