Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
01 Aug 1997-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 73, Iss: 2, pp 321-336
TL;DR: Evidence is found consistent with the hypotheses that the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner.
Abstract: Forgiving is a motivational transformation that inclines people to inhibit relationship-destructive responses and to behave constructively toward someone who has behaved destructively toward them. The authors describe a model of forgiveness based on the hypothesis that people forgive others to the extent that they experience empathy for them. Two studies investigated the empathy model of forgiveness. In Study 1, the authors developed measures of empathy and forgiveness. The authors found evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and (b) that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner. In Study 2, the authors conducted an intervention in which empathy was manipulated to examine the empathy-forgiving relationship more closely. Results generally supported the conceptualization of forgiving as a motivational phenomenon and the empathy-forgiving link.
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TL;DR: This paper adapted a version of Worthington's Reach Forgiveness intervention into a 6hr self-directed workbook for Christians who experienced an offense within their religious community and found that people improved while working on the workbook and maintained gains after completion.
Abstract: Multiple psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic interventions are available to aid victims of offense in the arduous process of forgiving wrongdoers. These interventions often require that trained professionals deliver the intervention, which is costly. In the present study, a Christian version of Worthington’s REACH Forgiveness intervention was adapted into a nominally 6-hr self-directed workbook for Christians who experienced an offense within their religious community. College students (N 52) completed the workbook within a randomized waiting-list design with 3 assessments. A significant multivariate Condition Time interaction showed that people improved while working on the workbook and maintained gains after completion. The workbooks produced a larger effect size in reducing unforgiveness than benchmarks of previous REACH Forgiveness psychoeducational interventions of comparable duration. Effect size fell within the upper limit of the standard of change. We conclude that workbook treatments may be cost-effective and easily disseminated. Additional workbook intervention studies are warranted.
20 citations
TL;DR: Forgiveness is one such response that has profound possibilities for affecting relationships of couples, groups, families, organizations, and nations as mentioned in this paper, from historical understandings to more recent social science-based and philosophical conceptualizations.
Abstract: In the last decade, psychologists, philosophers, and, most recently, communication scholars generated a significant body of research focusing on responses to relational injury. Forgiveness is one such response that has profound possibilities for affecting relationships of couples, groups, families, organizations, and nations. The following essay overviews the extant literature on forgiveness, from historical understandings to more recent social science-based and philosophical conceptualizations. We specifically emphasize the role of communication in the forgiveness process and offer a communication-based definition of forgiveness. The essay concludes by developing a necessary research agenda focusing on the communication implications of studying forgiveness.
20 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the Integrative Theory of Peace (ITP) was proposed and the Education for Peace (EFP) Program developed on the basis of that theory was described.
Abstract: Peace and education are inseparable aspects of civilization. No civilization is truly progressive without education and no education system is truly civilizing unless it is based on the universal principles of peace. In reviewing school textbooks and theories upon which their contents are based, we find that the textbooks are predominantly written from the perspective that conflict and violence are inevitable and necessary aspects of individual and social life. They either inadvertently or deliberately promote a culture of violence and war (Frier, 2002). Consequently, new generations are taught by their parents, teachers, and community leaders the ways of “otherness,” conflict, and violence. Seldom do we encounter a systematic educational program that teaches children and youth the principles of peace. This chapter briefly puts forward the Integrative Theory of Peace (ITP) and outlines the Education for Peace (EFP) Program developed on the basis of that theory.
20 citations
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors verfolgt zum einen das Ziel, Instrumente zur Diagnostik verschiedener Ressourcen darzustellen, zum anderen Befunde zu positiven Konsequenzen in Alter zusammenzufassen.
Abstract: Zusammenfassung: Als Erganzung zur psychopathologisch orientierten Diagnostik zieht seit einiger Zeit die Beschaftigung mit Starken, Kompetenzen und Ressourcen einer Person Aufmerksamkeit auf sich, zuletzt unter den Bemuhungen der Positiven Psychologie. Gerade die Alterspsychotherapie kann von einer Ressourcenorientierung profitieren. Dieser Artikel verfolgt zum einen das Ziel, Instrumente zur Diagnostik verschiedener Ressourcen darzustellen, zum anderen Befunde zu positiven Konsequenzen dieser Ressourcen im Alter zusammenzufassen. Berucksichtigt werden emotionale Ressourcen (positiver Affekt, Lebenszufriedenheit, Selbstwerterleben), motivationale Ressourcen (Kontrolluberzeugung, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, dispositionaler Optimismus, optimistischer Attributionsstil, Hoffnung, intrinsische Lebensziele), volitionale Ressourcen (Handlungsorientierung, Selbstregulation und Selbstkontrolle, Aufmerksamkeitsregulation, Emotionsregulation), interpersonale Ressourcen (Bindung, Altruismus, soziale Verantwortung, ...
20 citations
TL;DR: The authors combine the concept of identification with balance theory and co-orientation theory to show how public apologies and pseudo-apologies can be used to shift identification among offenders, victims, third parties and offensive acts.
19 citations
References
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TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
34,482 citations
TL;DR: A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models and two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes.
Abstract: Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI) FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes
21,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958TL;DR: The psychology of interpersonal relations as mentioned in this paper, The psychology in interpersonal relations, The Psychology of interpersonal relationships, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
15,254 citations
Additional excerpts
...Social psychologists have also addressed interpersonal forgiving from time to time (Darby & Schlenker, 1982; Gahagan & Tedeschi, 1968; Heider, 1958; Horai, Lindskold, Gahagan, & Tedeschi, 1969; Weiner, Graham, Peter, & Zmuidinas, 1991)....
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TL;DR: A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance, and responses indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity.
Abstract: Clinical, field, and experimental studies of response to potentially stressful life events give concordant findings: there is a general human tendency to undergo episodes of intrusive thinking and periods of avoidance. A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance. Responses of 66 persons admitted to an outpatient clinic for the treatment of stress response syndromes indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity. Empirical clusters supported the concept of subscores for intrusions and avoidance responses.
7,692 citations
TL;DR: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale as discussed by the authors is a measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads, which is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples.
Abstract: This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32-item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in eariler work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion-related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
6,899 citations