Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
01 Aug 1997-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 73, Iss: 2, pp 321-336
TL;DR: Evidence is found consistent with the hypotheses that the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner.
Abstract: Forgiving is a motivational transformation that inclines people to inhibit relationship-destructive responses and to behave constructively toward someone who has behaved destructively toward them. The authors describe a model of forgiveness based on the hypothesis that people forgive others to the extent that they experience empathy for them. Two studies investigated the empathy model of forgiveness. In Study 1, the authors developed measures of empathy and forgiveness. The authors found evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and (b) that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner. In Study 2, the authors conducted an intervention in which empathy was manipulated to examine the empathy-forgiving relationship more closely. Results generally supported the conceptualization of forgiving as a motivational phenomenon and the empathy-forgiving link.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Forgiveness was defined as self-awareness, letting go, perspective-taking and moving on as discussed by the authors, which is defined as the four stages of self-aware letting go.
Abstract: Existing models of forgiveness do not easily accommodate victims of crime. Therefore, this article presents an examination of the meaning of forgiveness from the perspective of crime victims. A grounded theory approach was adopted to analyse the data from a series of semi-structured interviews carried out with victims of serious violent offences. Results indicated that victims generally thought forgiveness was both positive and beneficial. Whereas major models of forgiveness emphasize the interpersonal nature of forgiveness, victims of crime conceived of the construct as strongly intrapersonal. Forgiveness was comprised of four parts: self-awareness, letting go, perspective-taking and moving on. Each of these aspects was examined in light of the data and contrasted with existing literature. This study establishes a new area of forgiveness research and provides further insight into the psychological experience of victims of crime.
11 citations
Cites background from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...In addition, the antecedents and consequences of violent criminal behaviour make one wonder if forgiveness in these circumstances is truly a prosocial phenomenon as McCullough asserts (McCullough et al., 1997)....
[...]
...As such it may be described as an interpersonal and ‘prosocial’ construct (McCullough et al., 1997)....
[...]
01 Jan 2005
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between caregiver attachment and spiritual well-being to alcohol and other drug abuse among homeless veterans, and found that the relationship amplifies the inverse relationship of caregiver attachments and spiritual wellbeing to alcohol abuse.
Abstract: SUMMARY This study of 310 women and 315 men is one of the first investigations of a theoretical model of alcohol and other drug abuse among homeless veterans. The sample consists of inpatients in a Domiciliary program at Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Using structural equation modeling, it is observed that forgiveness amplifies the inverse relationships of caregiver attachment and spiritual well-being to alcohol and other drug abuse. In contrast, forgiveness reduces the relationships of abuse, distress, and depression to alcohol and other drug abuse. The treatment implications for homeless veterans are discussed. Spiritual issues and forgiveness are long-neglected topics in treatment programs for substance abusers.
11 citations
Cites background or methods from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...McCullough et al. (1997) have conceptualized forgiveness as the absence of revenge (5 items) and avoidance (7 items), and they offer evidence of construct and discriminant validity (McCullough et al., 1998)....
[...]
...The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) was used to assess veterans’ perceived attachment to their parents during childhood....
[...]
...The 12-item (5-point scales) Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) Inventory (McCullough et al., 1997; McCullough et al., 1998) was used to measure forgiveness....
[...]
...The 12-item (7-point scales) physical abuse subscale from Hudson’s (1990) Multi-Problem Screening Inventory (MPSI) was used, which has strong concurrent validity (Hudson & McMurtry, 1997) (α = .86)....
[...]
...The assumption in this study is that some people simply are disposed to be vengeful or avoidant instead of forgiving when they are offended (McCullough et al., 1997, 1998)....
[...]
TL;DR: The Reach Forgiveness intervention has been used in psychoeducational groups, couple and individual counseling and psychotherapy, and workbooks and has been investigated in over 20 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) worldwide as discussed by the authors.
11 citations
Cites methods from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...The REACH Model has been frequently tested in secular settings (e.g., see Kiefer et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 1997; Ripley and Worthington, 2002; Sandage and Worthington, 2010) and adapted to Christian clients and tested in controlled trials (Lampton et al., 2005; Stratton et al., 2008;…...
[...]
...The REACH Model has been frequently tested in secular settings (e.g., see Kiefer et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 1997; Ripley and Worthington, 2002; Sandage and Worthington, 2010) and adapted to Christian clients and tested in controlled trials (Lampton et al....
[...]
TL;DR: Forgiveness has become one of positive psychology's most popular themes in recent years as discussed by the authors, and the theme of forgiveness has increasingly been observed in psychological studies in the past few years.
Abstract: Due to developments in positive psychology, the theme of forgiveness has increasingly been observed in psychological studies in recent years. Forgiveness has now become one of positive psychology's...
11 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
34,482 citations
TL;DR: A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models and two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes.
Abstract: Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI) FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes
21,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958TL;DR: The psychology of interpersonal relations as mentioned in this paper, The psychology in interpersonal relations, The Psychology of interpersonal relationships, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
15,254 citations
Additional excerpts
...Social psychologists have also addressed interpersonal forgiving from time to time (Darby & Schlenker, 1982; Gahagan & Tedeschi, 1968; Heider, 1958; Horai, Lindskold, Gahagan, & Tedeschi, 1969; Weiner, Graham, Peter, & Zmuidinas, 1991)....
[...]
TL;DR: A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance, and responses indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity.
Abstract: Clinical, field, and experimental studies of response to potentially stressful life events give concordant findings: there is a general human tendency to undergo episodes of intrusive thinking and periods of avoidance. A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance. Responses of 66 persons admitted to an outpatient clinic for the treatment of stress response syndromes indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity. Empirical clusters supported the concept of subscores for intrusions and avoidance responses.
7,692 citations
TL;DR: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale as discussed by the authors is a measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads, which is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples.
Abstract: This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32-item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in eariler work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion-related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
6,899 citations