Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
01 Aug 1997-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 73, Iss: 2, pp 321-336
TL;DR: Evidence is found consistent with the hypotheses that the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner.
Abstract: Forgiving is a motivational transformation that inclines people to inhibit relationship-destructive responses and to behave constructively toward someone who has behaved destructively toward them. The authors describe a model of forgiveness based on the hypothesis that people forgive others to the extent that they experience empathy for them. Two studies investigated the empathy model of forgiveness. In Study 1, the authors developed measures of empathy and forgiveness. The authors found evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and (b) that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner. In Study 2, the authors conducted an intervention in which empathy was manipulated to examine the empathy-forgiving relationship more closely. Results generally supported the conceptualization of forgiving as a motivational phenomenon and the empathy-forgiving link.
Citations
More filters
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2003
5 citations
Cites background from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...…scale in measurement because they recognize that there is some kind of sequential order to the forgiveness process; this idea is amplified, for example, in the work of McCullough et al. (1997) who have proposed a path analysis to show 13 a theoretical sequence of events leading to forgiveness....
[...]
TL;DR: The authors examined how a social threat posed by a deviant behavior affects second-hand forgiveness over time toward ingroup and outgroup transgressors, and found that transgressors were less likely to be forgiven by ingroup members rather than outgroup members, thus showing evidence of the black sheep effect.
Abstract: This paper examines how a social threat posed by a deviant behavior affects second-hand forgiveness over time toward ingroup and outgroup transgressors. In Study 1, using real news reports, we investigated intergroup rivalries between soccer fans in order to understand the role of group membership in predicting the intention to forgive transgressors. Results suggested that transgressors were less likely to be forgiven by ingroup members rather than outgroup members, thus showing evidence of the black sheep effect. In Study 2 (using a different sample), we analyzed the same intergroup rivalries one year after the transgression in order to explore changes in intention to forgive over time. Results showed that, after one year, ingroup members were more likely to forgive ingroup than outgroup transgressors, but only when the threat to the group stereotype was not salient. The implications of the results for the subjective group dynamics theory and for the black sheep effect are discussed.
5 citations
Cites background from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...The scale combines two aspects of forgiveness discussed by (McCullough et al. 1997): the increased desire for reconciliation, and the decreased desire for retaliation....
[...]
...Focusing on forgiveness, commonly defined as “a suite of pro-social changes” toward a transgressor that encourages people to be less vengeful (Enright et al. 1998; McCullough et al. 1997), gives us the opportunity to investigate the reconciliation process between non-deviant members and perpetrators....
[...]
...…on forgiveness, commonly defined as “a suite of pro-social changes” toward a transgressor that encourages people to be less vengeful (Enright et al. 1998; McCullough et al. 1997), gives us the opportunity to investigate the reconciliation process between non-deviant members and perpetrators....
[...]
...Forgiveness is considered as a suite of pro-social change (Enright et al. 1998; McCullough et al. 1997), thus it could vary over time after the transgression....
[...]
...Forgiveness encourages the aggrieved individual to move from a desire to retaliate to a desire to reconcile (McCullough et al. 1997, 2001, 2003; Pargament et al. 2000) and it could represent an important issue in research on group reactions to internal deviance....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the gender differences in self-reported forgiving behaviours in a sample of Italian preadolescents (aged 11 to 14 years), who were either involved or not involved in relig...
Abstract: In this study we examined the gender differences in self-reported forgiving behaviours in a sample of Italian preadolescents (aged 11 to 14 years), who were either involved or not involved in relig...
5 citations
07 Dec 2015
TL;DR: Forgiveness therapy offers understanding and adaptive coping skill, thus, it is expected that inmates will be able to reconcile with themselves, other parties and stressful situation and reduce various negative emotions in such a way to provide better view toward life as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Inmates experiences various conditions and changes in facing their life. In addition to endure physical burden due to the obstacle in maitaning prior activities, many inmates have undergone psychological burden. Feeling guilty, shameful, hostile, regretful, despair, and pessimistic, they have propensity for anxiety, depression, and even suicidal attempt as the consequence their despair on life. Forgiveness therapy offers understanding and adaptive coping skill, thus, it is expected that inmates will be able to reconcile with themselves, other parties and stressful situation. It also reduces various negative emotions in such a way to provide better view toward life. The study was quasi experiment research which involved one group with double pre-test and post-test consisting of 7 woman inmates who were convicted from Law No. 372-375 of the Criminal Code related to embezzlement or Law 378 of the Criminal Code related to fraud, approximately 23-45 years old, minimum education level of junior high school, and received a period of detention in prison for the first time. Data was analyzed using ANOVA Repeated measure. The result showed that forgiveness therapy was evidenced to be useful in increasing the inmates’ positive view in perceiving meaning of life. Keyword: Forgiveness theraphy, meaningful of life, inmates.
5 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
34,482 citations
TL;DR: A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models and two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes.
Abstract: Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI) FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes
21,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958TL;DR: The psychology of interpersonal relations as mentioned in this paper, The psychology in interpersonal relations, The Psychology of interpersonal relationships, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
15,254 citations
Additional excerpts
...Social psychologists have also addressed interpersonal forgiving from time to time (Darby & Schlenker, 1982; Gahagan & Tedeschi, 1968; Heider, 1958; Horai, Lindskold, Gahagan, & Tedeschi, 1969; Weiner, Graham, Peter, & Zmuidinas, 1991)....
[...]
TL;DR: A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance, and responses indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity.
Abstract: Clinical, field, and experimental studies of response to potentially stressful life events give concordant findings: there is a general human tendency to undergo episodes of intrusive thinking and periods of avoidance. A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance. Responses of 66 persons admitted to an outpatient clinic for the treatment of stress response syndromes indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity. Empirical clusters supported the concept of subscores for intrusions and avoidance responses.
7,692 citations
TL;DR: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale as discussed by the authors is a measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads, which is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples.
Abstract: This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32-item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in eariler work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion-related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
6,899 citations