Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
01 Aug 1997-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 73, Iss: 2, pp 321-336
TL;DR: Evidence is found consistent with the hypotheses that the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner.
Abstract: Forgiving is a motivational transformation that inclines people to inhibit relationship-destructive responses and to behave constructively toward someone who has behaved destructively toward them. The authors describe a model of forgiveness based on the hypothesis that people forgive others to the extent that they experience empathy for them. Two studies investigated the empathy model of forgiveness. In Study 1, the authors developed measures of empathy and forgiveness. The authors found evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and (b) that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner. In Study 2, the authors conducted an intervention in which empathy was manipulated to examine the empathy-forgiving relationship more closely. Results generally supported the conceptualization of forgiving as a motivational phenomenon and the empathy-forgiving link.
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10 Apr 2006
TL;DR: A megbocsatas az interperszonalis serelmekre adott egyik lehetseges valasznak tekinthető, melynek fokuszaban a serelmet elszenvedő szemely kognitiv, erzelmi es viselkedeses valaszaiban bekovetkező proszocialis valtozas all.
Abstract: A megbocsatas az interperszonalis serelmekre adott egyik lehetseges valasznak tekinthető, melynek fokuszaban a serelmet elszenvedő szemely kognitiv, erzelmi es viselkedeses valaszaiban bekovetkező proszocialis valtozas all. A megbocsatas mentalis es fizikai egeszsegre kifejtett pozitiv hatasa jol dokumentalt. Magas szintje alacsony szorongas- es depresszioszinttel tarsul, illetve sikeresen csokkenti a stresszre adott fizikai valaszt (kortizol es kardiovaszkularis reaktivitas). A megbocsatast - hatasai alapjan - olyan emocio fokuszu megkuzdesi modkent definialhatjuk, mely sikeresen csokkenti az interperszonalis serelem nyoman kialakult stresszreakciot. Az utobbi evekben szamos intervencios technikat dolgoztak ki, melyek a megbocsatas tamogatasat, illetve fejleszteset tűztek ki celkent. Ezek a modszerek altalaban sikeresen novelik a megbocsatasra valo hajlandosagot.
5 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined how transgressors' self-attributed responsibility, intent, blame, and guilt regarding a hurtful event associated with their communicative response (e.g., apology, avoidance, justification), and how their communication associated with perceived forgiveness.
Abstract: Following a hurtful relational event, transgressor communication with the victim impacts relational repair and forgiveness. Based in an attribution framework, this study examined how transgressors’ (N = 504) self-attributed responsibility, intent, blame, and guilt regarding a hurtful event associated with their communicative response (e.g., apology, avoidance, justification), and how their communication associated with perceived forgiveness. In regression analyses, attribution dimensions predicted five communicative strategies. The attribution model accounted for 35% of variance in transgressors’ reported use of apology/concession strategies. Use of apology/concession and appeasement/positivity positively associated, and avoidance/silence negatively associated, with perception of forgiveness.
5 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Forgiveness is a difficult, complicated, non-linear journey as mentioned in this paper, and for each individual the process of forgiving is unique to each individual, but all participants were motivated in some way to let go of unforgiveness and find freedom from the stress caused by the transgression, and all participants experienced an energy exchange as they tried to navigate a path fraught with obstacles to forgiveness.
Abstract: The problem under investigation was a gap in the research literature resulting in insufficient insight into and understanding of the lived experience of people who have undergone forgiveness therapy as a counseling intervention. This basic interpretive qualitative study begins to deepen the insight into the forgiveness experience by presenting and interpreting the data obtained by interviewing 11 individuals over the age of 40 who have undergone counseling to try to resolve a personal conflict. The findings revealed that for each individual the forgiveness process was a difficult, complicated, non-linear journey. Although the actual experience was unique to each individual, all participants were motivated in some way to let go of unforgiveness and find freedom from the stress caused by the transgression, and all participants experienced an energy exchange as they tried to navigate a path fraught with obstacles to forgiveness. Participants reported struggling, for example, with anger, rumination, and, in some cases, adverse health responses while employing a variety of means of coping as they meandered at their own pace toward forgiveness. Counselors may wish to note that forgiveness as a therapeutic intervention seemed to aid in the forgiveness process for some people who were eventually able to shed their distress and experience forgiveness, while others had not yet been able to move on from a state of unforgiveness. Several individuals reported that going through the forgiveness process relieved them of various physical ailments. A powerful connection among unforgiveness, forgiveness, stress, coping, and physical health emerged from the findings, suggesting continuing research.
5 citations
Cites background from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...Empathy for an apologetic offender reduces the motivation to avoid the offender and increases the motivation to reconcile (McCullough et al., 1997)....
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..., 2003) and is frequently conceptualized in the literature as involving two responses toward an offender: releasing negative feelings and enacting grace and mercy (McCullough; McCullough et al., 1997; Witvliet, 2001; Worthington, 2005a)....
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...Research (Berecz, 2001; McCullough et al., 1997; Sandage et al., 2000; Worthington, 2003; Worthington, 2006a) has indicated that there is a link between empathy and forgiveness....
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..., 1997), and relational closeness (McCullough et al., 1997; McCullough et al., 1998)....
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...Receiving an apology from an offender may increase empathy for that offender and thus facilitate forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1997)....
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27 Feb 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that a participant's parasocial relationship with a sports celebrity, ethical intent and regulatory focus orientation influence their forgiveness towards a celebrity's sins, and they also show that the participant's forgiving behavior is influenced by the celebrity's celebrity status.
Abstract: In three experiments, we show that a participant's parasocial relationship with a sports celebrity, ethical intent and regulatory focus orientation influence their forgiveness towards a celebrity's...
5 citations
Cites background or methods from "Interpersonal forgiving in close re..."
...Afterwards, we presented each participant with a 12-item TRIM forgiveness scale adapted from McCullough et al. (1997)....
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...It allows relationships to move forward as one party is able to build empathy towards the offender (McCullough et al., 1997)....
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01 Jan 1999
5 citations
References
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TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
34,482 citations
TL;DR: A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models and two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes.
Abstract: Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI) FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes
21,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958TL;DR: The psychology of interpersonal relations as mentioned in this paper, The psychology in interpersonal relations, The Psychology of interpersonal relationships, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
15,254 citations
Additional excerpts
...Social psychologists have also addressed interpersonal forgiving from time to time (Darby & Schlenker, 1982; Gahagan & Tedeschi, 1968; Heider, 1958; Horai, Lindskold, Gahagan, & Tedeschi, 1969; Weiner, Graham, Peter, & Zmuidinas, 1991)....
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TL;DR: A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance, and responses indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity.
Abstract: Clinical, field, and experimental studies of response to potentially stressful life events give concordant findings: there is a general human tendency to undergo episodes of intrusive thinking and periods of avoidance. A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance. Responses of 66 persons admitted to an outpatient clinic for the treatment of stress response syndromes indicated that the scale had a useful degree of significance and homogeneity. Empirical clusters supported the concept of subscores for intrusions and avoidance responses.
7,692 citations
TL;DR: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale as discussed by the authors is a measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads, which is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples.
Abstract: This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32-item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in eariler work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion-related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
6,899 citations