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Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research

TL;DR: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry as discussed by the authors and a handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research.
Abstract: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry. This handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research. Extended worked examples from the authors' own studies in health, sexuality, psychological distress and identity illustrate the breadth and depth of IPA research. Each of the chapters also offers a guide to other good exemplars of IPA research in the designated area. The final section of the book considers how IPA connects with other contemporary qualitative approaches like discourse and narrative analysis and how it addresses issues to do with validity. The book is written in an accessible style and will be extremely useful to students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines in the health and social sciences.
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Book
05 Mar 2009
TL;DR: This chapter discusses writing Analytic Memos About Narrative and Visual Data and exercises for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development.
Abstract: An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

22,890 citations


Cites background from "Interpretative Phenomenological Ana..."

  • ...• case studies (Merriam, 1998; Stake, 1995) • discourse analysis (Gee, 2011; Rapley, 2007; Willig, 2008) • narrative inquiry and analysis (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000; Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Cortazzi, 1993; Coulter & Smith, 2009; Daiute & Lightfoot, 2004; Holstein & Gubrium, 2012; Murray, 2003; Riessman, 2008) • performance studies (Madison, 2012; Madison & Hamera, 2006) • phenomenology (Butler-Kisber, 2010; Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003; Smith et al., 2009; van Manen, 1990; Wertz et al., 2011) • poetic and dramatic writing (Denzin, 1997, 2003; Glesne, 2011; Knowles & Cole, 2008; Leavy, 2009; Saldaña, 2005a, 2011a) • portraiture (Lawrence-Lightfoot & Davis, 1997) • vignette writing (Erickson, 1986; Graue & Walsh, 1998)...

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  • ...FIRST CYCLE CODING METHODS 141 • discourse analysis (Gee, 2011; Rapley, 2007; Willig, 2008) • metaphoric analysis (Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Todd & Harrison, 2008) • narrative inquiry and analysis (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000; Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Cortazzi, 1993; Coulter & Smith, 2009; Daiute & Lightfoot, 2004; Holstein & Gubrium, 2012; Murray, 2003; Riessman, 2008) • performance studies (Madison, 2012; Madison & Hamera, 2006) • phenomenology (Butler-Kisber, 2010; Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003; Smith et al., 2009; van Manen, 1990; Wertz et al., 2011) • poetic and dramatic writing (Denzin, 1997, 2003; Glesne, 2011; Knowles & Cole, 2008; Leavy, 2009; Saldaña, 2005a, 2011a) • thematic analysis (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Boyatzis, 1998; Smith & Osborn, 2008) • vignette writing (Erickson, 1986; Graue & Walsh, 1998)...

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  • ..., 2007; Stringer, 1999) • cognitive mapping (Miles & Huberman, 1994; Northcutt & McCoy, 2004) • frequency counts (LeCompte & Schensul, 1999) • interrelationship (Saldaña, 2003) • life course mapping (Clausen, 1998) • metaphoric analysis (Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Todd & Harrison, 2008) • narrative inquiry and analysis (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000; Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Cortazzi, 1993; Coulter & Smith, 2009; Daiute & Lightfoot, 2004; Holstein & Gubrium, 2012; Murray, 2003; Riessman, 2008) • phenomenology (Butler-Kisber, 2010; Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003; Smith et al., 2009; van Manen, 1990; Wertz et al., 2011) • poetic and dramatic writing (Denzin, 1997, 2003; Glesne, 2011; Knowles & Cole, 2008; Leavy, 2009; Saldaña, 2005a, 2011a) • portraiture (Lawrence-Lightfoot & Davis, 1997) • situational analysis (Clarke, 2005)...

    [...]

  • ...• Narrative Coding and Focused Coding • case studies (Merriam, 1998; Stake, 1995) • life course mapping (Clausen, 1998) • metaphoric analysis (Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Todd & Harrison, 2008) • narrative inquiry and analysis (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000; Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Cortazzi, 1993; Coulter & Smith, 2009; Daiute & Lightfoot, 2004; Holstein & Gubrium, 2012; Murray, 2003; Riessman, 2008) • phenomenology (Butler-Kisber, 2010; Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003; Smith et al., 2009; van Manen, 1990; Wertz et al., 2011)...

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  • ...Themeing the Data is appropriate for virtually all qualitative studies, and especially for phenomenology and those exploring a participant’s psychological world of beliefs, constructs, identity development, and emotional experiences (Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003; Smith & Osborn, 2008; Smith et al., 2009; Wertz et al., 2011)....

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Book
25 Dec 2021
TL;DR: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants. The approach is phenomenological (see Chapter 3) in that it involves detailed examination of the participant’s lifeworld; it attempts to explore personal experience and is concerned with an individual’s personal perception or account of an object or event, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective statement of the object or event itself. At the same time, IPA also emphasizes that the research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher in that process. One is trying to get close to the participant’s personal world, to take, in Conrad’s (1987) words, an ‘insider’s perspective’, but one cannot do this directly or completely. Access depends on, and is complicated by, the researcher’s own conceptions; indeed, these are required in order to make sense of that other personal world through a process of interpretative activity. Thus, a two-stage interpretation process, or a double hermeneutic, is involved. The participants are trying to make sense of their world; the researcher is trying to make sense of the participants trying to make sense of their world. IPA is therefore intellectually connected to hermeneutics and theories of interpretation (Packer and Addison, 1989; Palmer, 1969; Smith, in press; see also Chapter 2 this volume). Different interpretative stances are possible, and IPA combines an empathic hermeneutics with a questioning hermeneutics. Thus, consistent with its phenomenological origins, IPA is concerned with trying to understand what it is like, from the point of view of the participants, to take their side. At the same time, a detailed IPA analysis can also involve asking critical questions of the texts from participants, such as the following: What is the person trying to achieve here? Is something leaking out here that wasn’t intended? Do I have a sense of something going on here that maybe the participants themselves are less aware of?

5,225 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A four-point approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research is presented and critically discussed in this article, which integrates theory and process for the following: (1) defining a sample universe, by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation; (2) deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns; (3) selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy; and (4) sample sourcing, which includes
Abstract: Sampling is central to the practice of qualitative methods, but compared with data collection and analysis its processes have been discussed relatively little. A four-point approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research is presented and critically discussed in this article, which integrates theory and process for the following: (1) defining a sample universe, by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation; (2) deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns; (3) selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy; and (4) sample sourcing, which includes matters of advertising, incentivising, avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these four concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, tran...

2,286 citations


Cites background or methods from "Interpretative Phenomenological Ana..."

  • ...For these reasons, researchers using IPA are given a guideline of 3–16 participants for a single study, with the lower end of that spectrum suggested for undergraduate projects and the upper end for larger-scale funded projects (Smith et al. 2009)....

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  • ...Yardley’s criteria for evaluating qualitative research are respected benchmarks for assessing the validity of a study (Robinson 2008; Smith et al. 2009; Yardley 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Developing a universal quality standard for thematic analysis (TA) is complicated by the existence of numerous iterations of TA that differ paradigmatically, philosophically and procedurally.
Abstract: Developing a universal quality standard for thematic analysis (TA) is complicated by the existence of numerous iterations of TA that differ paradigmatically, philosophically and procedurally. This ...

1,787 citations


Cites background from "Interpretative Phenomenological Ana..."

  • ...…research on service users’ experiences of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) in an improving access to psychological therapies for severe mental illness service, reported seven ‘overarching’/‘superordinate’ themes (‘superordinate’ is associated with IPA [Smith et al. 2009] not TA) and 18 themes....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The field of health and wellbeing scholarship has a strong tradition of qualitative research* and rightly so, and rich and compelling insights into the real worlds, experiences, and perspectives of patients and health care professionals can be found through quantitative methods.
Abstract: The field of health and wellbeing scholarship has a strong tradition of qualitative research*and rightly so. Qualitative research offers rich and compelling insights into the real worlds, experiences, and perspectives of patients and health care professionals in ways that are completely different to, but also sometimes complimentary to, the knowledge we can obtain through quantitative methods. (Published: 16 October 2014) Citation: Int J Qualitative Stud Health Well-being 2014, 9 : 26152 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.26152

1,590 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology as mentioned in this paper, and it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data.
Abstract: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.

103,789 citations

Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: K Kathy Charmaz's excellent and practical guide to grounded theory in nursing and how to do qualitative research in nursing is welcomed.
Abstract: An Invitation to Grounded Theory Gathering Rich Data Coding in Grounded Theory Practice Memo-Writing Theoretical Sampling, Saturation and Sorting Reconstructing Theory in Grounded Theory Studies Writing the Draft Reflecting on the Research Process

16,556 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Charmaz as mentioned in this paper presented a practical guide through qualitative analysis to construct grounded theory, using qualitative analysis, and showed that qualitative analysis can be used to understand grounded theory in a practical way.
Abstract: BOOK REVIEW: Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis Kathy Charmaz, 2006, 208 pp. London: Sage. ISBN 2005928035

11,206 citations

Book
25 Dec 2021
TL;DR: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants. The approach is phenomenological (see Chapter 3) in that it involves detailed examination of the participant’s lifeworld; it attempts to explore personal experience and is concerned with an individual’s personal perception or account of an object or event, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective statement of the object or event itself. At the same time, IPA also emphasizes that the research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher in that process. One is trying to get close to the participant’s personal world, to take, in Conrad’s (1987) words, an ‘insider’s perspective’, but one cannot do this directly or completely. Access depends on, and is complicated by, the researcher’s own conceptions; indeed, these are required in order to make sense of that other personal world through a process of interpretative activity. Thus, a two-stage interpretation process, or a double hermeneutic, is involved. The participants are trying to make sense of their world; the researcher is trying to make sense of the participants trying to make sense of their world. IPA is therefore intellectually connected to hermeneutics and theories of interpretation (Packer and Addison, 1989; Palmer, 1969; Smith, in press; see also Chapter 2 this volume). Different interpretative stances are possible, and IPA combines an empathic hermeneutics with a questioning hermeneutics. Thus, consistent with its phenomenological origins, IPA is concerned with trying to understand what it is like, from the point of view of the participants, to take their side. At the same time, a detailed IPA analysis can also involve asking critical questions of the texts from participants, such as the following: What is the person trying to achieve here? Is something leaking out here that wasn’t intended? Do I have a sense of something going on here that maybe the participants themselves are less aware of?

5,225 citations


"Interpretative Phenomenological Ana..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...…IPA, alongside Thematic Analysis and Grounded Theory (GT)-lite, the GT methods rather than the methodology (Braun and Although there have been many useful chapters and papers outlining IPA (e.g., Smith and Osborn, 2003; Reid et al., 2005), this is the first book-length introduction to IPA....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the problem posed by the novelty and diversity of qualitative approaches within health psychology and consider the question of what criteria are appropriate for assessing the validity of a qualitative analysis.
Abstract: As the use of qualitative methods in health research proliferates, it becomes increasingly necessary to consider how the value of a piece of qualitative research should be assessed. This article discusses the problem posed by the novelty and diversity of qualitative approaches within health psychology and considers the question of what criteria are appropriate for assessing the validity of a qualitative analysis. In keeping with the ethos of much qualitative research, some open-ended, flexible principles are suggested as a guide to the quality of a qualitative study: sensitivity to context; commitment and rigour; transparency and coherence; impact and importance. Examples are given of the very different ways in which various forms of qualitative research can meet these criteria.

2,316 citations