Open AccessJournal Article
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
In poor communities with inadequate water supply and excreta disposal, reducing the level of enteric pathogen ingestion by a given amount will have a greater impact on diarrhoea mortality rates than on morbidity rates.Abstract:
A theoretical model is proposed that relates the level of ingestion of diarrhoea-causing pathogens to the frequency of diarrhoea in the community. The implications of this model are that, in poor communities with inadequate water supply and excreta disposal, reducing the level of enteric pathogen ingestion by a given amount will have a greater impact on diarrhoea mortality rates than on morbidity rates, a greater impact on the incidence rate of severe diarrhoea than on that of mild diarrhoea, and a greater impact on diarrhoea caused by pathogens having high infectious doses than on diarrhoea caused by pathogens of a low infectious dose. The impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrhoea, related infections, nutritional status, and mortality is analysed by reviewing 67 studies from 28 countries. The median reductions in diarrhoea morbidity rates are 22% from all studies and 27% from a few better-designed studies. All studies of the impact on total mortality rates show a median reduction of 21%, while the few better-designed studies give a median reduction of 30%. Improvements in water quality have less of an impact than improvements in water availability or excreta disposal.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
How many child deaths can we prevent this year
TL;DR: The findings show that the interventions needed to achieve the millennium development goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015 are available, but that they are not being delivered to the mothers and children who need them.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lorna Fewtrell,Rachel B. Kaufmann,David Kay,Wayne T. A. Enanoria,Laurence Haller,John M. Colford,John M. Colford +6 more
TL;DR: Water quality interventions (point-of-use water treatment) were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not moreeffective than interventions with a single focus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Department of health & human services
TL;DR: The SHSIP provides a well-detailed description of the proposed value-based models of care through the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model, resulting in the statewide implementation of Accountable Health Communities (AHCs).
Posted Content
Human resources: empirical modeling of household and family decisions.
John Strauss,Duncan Thomas +1 more
TL;DR: A literature review focusing on education and health in its examination of the role that households and families play in choosing how to invest the human capital of their members is presented in this paper.
Journal Article
Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis diarrhoea dracunculiasis hookworm infection schistosomiasis and trachoma.
TL;DR: Sanitation facilities decreased diarrhoea morbidity and mortality and the severity of hookworm infection, and child mortality fell by 55%, which suggests that water and sanitation have a substantial impact on child survival.
References
More filters
Journal Article
The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data.
J. D. Snyder,Michael H. Merson +1 more
TL;DR: Morbidity rates were found to be highest in the 6-11 month age group, while the mortality rates were greatest in infants under 1 year of age and children 1 year old.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Review of Human Salmonellosis: I. Infective Dose
Martin J. Blaser,Lee S. Newman +1 more
TL;DR: In six of the 11 outbreaks of salmonellosis investigated, the actual doses ingested were calculated to be less than 10(3) organisms; the outbreaks with higher doses involved very high rates of attack and short periods of incubation.
Journal Article
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding.
TL;DR: Theoretical calculations based on data show that breastfeeding promotion can reduce diarrhea morbidity rates by 8-20% and diarrhea mortality rates by 24-27% in the 1st 6 months of life.
Journal ArticleDOI
A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children
TL;DR: Although over-all growth in weight and height was considerably below the standard values, multiple regression analysis indicated that after the age of 1 year, except in July and August, normal and sometimes slow ‘catch-up’ growth would be possible in the absence of gastroenteritis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum.
Richard A. Cash,S. I. Music,Joseph P. Libonati,Merrill J. Snyder,Richard P. Wenzel,Richard B. Hornick +5 more
TL;DR: The spectrum of illness and the immunologic response produced by cholera in volunteers were studied and Titers of vibriocidal antibody rose after diarrhea, peaked the second week after challenge, and rapidly fell during the next four weeks.