Intraspecific variability in herbivore performance and host quality: a field study of Uroleucon caligatum (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its Solidago hosts (Asteraceae)
TL;DR: Performances of two clones of Uroleucon caligatum on eleven clones of Solidago were measured by caging aphids on plants in the field.
Abstract: . 1. Performances of two clones of Uroleucon caligatum on eleven clones of Solidago were measured by caging aphids on plants in the field.
2. Several measures were obtained, including developmental time from birth to adulthood, size of first instar nymphs, adult weight, and total colony weight.
3. All measures of performance were strongly affected by plant clone.
4. Effect of aphid clone-plant clone interaction was significant only for first instar size.
5. In a subsequent screenhouse experiment, plant clones were subjected to uniform conditions and still exhibited large differences in host quality.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Host plant selection is mainly a behavioral process which is governed primarily by chemoreception, and the emergence of specific insect/host plant relationships most likely results from evolutionary changes in the insects' chemosensory systems.
Abstract: The evolutionary interactions between plants and phytophagous insects are asymmetric: the biochemical and structural diversity of the angiosperms provide a profusion of niches for the evolutionary radiation (cladogenesis) of the insects, while the insects do not affect plant evolution or, at most, may cause anagenic changes in the plants. (Figwasps and figs may represent a rare case of coevolution sensu stricto.) Thus, the evolution of insects generally follows that of the plants ("sequential evolution"). Because the selection pressure exerted by insect attacks is weak or lacking, they could not have been the main cause of the appearance and maintenance of allelochemicals in plants. Nevertheless, these compounds basically determine the plants' "biochemical profile" by which the insects distinguish between host and nonhost plants. Interspecific competition is largely lacking among phytophagous insects in natural communities, so it could not have evoked stenophagy (i.e., resource partitioning) in the insect...
467 citations
TL;DR: The wild parsnip and the Parsnip webworm appear to have reached an evolutionary “stalemate” in the coevolutionary arms race.
Abstract: The parsnip webworm (Depressaria pastinacella) and the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) together represent a potentially "coevolved" system in that throughout their ranges the plant has relatively few other herbivores and the insect has virtually no other hosts. Individual wild parsnip plants within a central Illinois population vary in their content and composition of furanocoumarins, secondary compounds with insecticidal properties. Half-sib and parent-offspring regression estimates of the heritability of furanocoumarins demonstrate that this variation is genetically based. Wild parsnip plants also vary in their resistance to damage by the parsnip webworm, which feeds on flowers and developing seeds. In an experimental garden, seed production in the primary umbel ranged from 0 to 1,664 seeds among individuals, and mean seed production of half-sib families ranged from 3.7 seeds to 446.0 seeds. Approximately 75% of the variation in resistance among half-sib families to D. pastinacella was attributable to four furanocoumarin characteristics-resistance is positively related to the proportion of bergapten and the amount of sphondin in seeds, and negatively related to the amount of bergapten and the proportion of sphondin in leaves. Each of the four resistance factors had significant heritability. Thus, resistance in wild parsnip to the parsnip webworm is to a large extent chemically based and genetically controlled. Genetic correlations among fitness and resistance characters, however, tend to limit coevolutionary responses between herbivore and plant. In greenhouse plants protected from herbivory, several of the resistance factors have negative genetic correlations with potential seed production. Ostensibly, highly resistant plants in the absence of herbivory would be at a competitive disadvantage in the field. The selective impact of the herbivore is also limited in this population by a negative genetic correlation among resistance factors. Selection to increase one resistance factor (e.g., the proportion of bergapten in the seed) would at the same time decrease the amount of a second resistance factor (e.g., the amount of sphondin in the seed). The wild parsnip and the parsnip webworm, then, appear to have reached an evolutionary "stalemate" in the coevolutionary arms race.
412 citations
TL;DR: Les estimations de la variation genetique and of the selection naturelle sur des caracteres quantitatifs dans des populations actuelles sont examinees en se limitant a l'adaptation de l'hote (performance) and a the preference des insectes a la plante hote.
Abstract: Les estimations de la variation genetique et de la selection naturelle sur des caracteres quantitatifs dans des populations actuelles sont examinees. Leurs applications a l'etude de l'evolution des insectes herbivores sont etudiees en se limitant a l'adaptation de l'hote (performance) et a la preference des insectes a la plante hote
390 citations
TL;DR: These plant-homopteran-ant interactions are significant for several reasons, as they provide a link between studies of single-species life histories and two-species interactions on the one hand, and studies of overall community or ecosystem pattern and process on the other.
Abstract: Homoptera live and feed on plants. In some circumstances, Homoptera may be tended and defended by ants; in others, they are attacked and eaten. These interactions between plants, sap-feeding Homoptera, and ants can affect each of the participants in a variety of ways. They can also modify, or be modified by, interactions between each of the participants and other organisms, such as plant pathogens, other herbivorous insects, and predators and parasites of the Homoptera. All these interactions may be influenced by abiotic factors such as soil nutrients or availability of moisture. These plant-homopteran-ant interactions are significant for several reasons. As multi-species interacting systems, they provide a link between studies of single-species life histories (156, 243) and two-species interactions (18, 103) on the one hand, and studies of overall community or ecosystem pattern and process, with the precise species undefined, on the other. They also provide a model system for studies of population genetics and evolution, as they (a) show a wide range of specificity, obJigacy, and adaptation, (b) include a variety of life histories and breeding systems, including parthenogenesis, and (c) are sensitive to genetic variation at the scale of varieties, biotypes, and individual clones. Many of the world's major plant pests are Homoptera, and many of the worst diseases of major crops are transmitted by Homoptera. Factors influenc ing homopteran populations and movements, and techniques to reduce them, are hence of major practical and economic significance. The manipulation· of ant assemblages to control homopteran pests has been practiced in China since
386 citations
TL;DR: The structure of genetic variation for host use reveals patterns of local adaptation, probable selective consequences of migration between hosts, and the potential for further evolution.
Abstract: Populations of insect herbivores that feed on several host plant species may experience different selective forces on each host. When the hosts cooccur in a local area, herbivore populations can provide useful models for the study of evolutionary mechanisms in patchy environments. A first step in such a study involves determination of the genetic structure of host adaptation in the region: how is genetic variation for host use structured within and between subpopulations of herbivores on each host? The structure of genetic variation for host use reveals patterns of local adaptation, probable selective consequences of migration between hosts, and the potential for further evolution. To estimate the population structure of host adaptation in a patchwork, 7-11 pea aphid clones were collected at the beginning of the summer from each of two alfalfa and two red clover fields within a very localized area (about 15-20 km2 ). Using a reciprocal transplant in the field, replicates of these 35 clones were allowed to develop individually on each of the two crops. A complete life table was made for each replicate. Individual fitness was calculated from the life tables as the expected rate of population increase; longevity, age at first reproduction, and total fecundity were also measured for each clonal replicate. Currently, experimental estimates of genetic variation in complete life tables are virtually nonexistent for natural populations, even for single environments (Charlesworth, 1987); field studies are even less common. Because clones from each of two source crops were tested reciprocally on both hosts, variation in relative genotypic fitness on alfalfa and clover could be partitioned among clones within source crops, between fields of the same crop, and between source crops (alfalfa or red clover), providing a view of population structure. Significant clonal variation in relative performance on alfalfa and red clover was found: clones tended to have higher fitness on the crop from which they had been collected (the "home" crop) than they did on the "away" crop, suggesting local adaptation in response to patchy patterns of selection. Clonal variability within collections from the two crops suggests the potential for changes in the genetic constitution of these aphid populations within established fields as a result of clonal selection during the summer season. Significantly negative genetic correlations across crops were found for fitness and its major components. The possibility that these negative cross-environment correlations could act as evolutionary constraints on adaptation to the patchwork is considered.
378 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: It is shown that with frequency dependence sufficiently intense such models generate cycles, and that in certain states of cycling sexual species easily obtain higher long-term geometric mean fitness than any competing monotypic asexual species or mixture of such.
Abstract: Pressure of parasites that are short-lived and rapid-evolving compared to the hosts they attack could be an evolutionary factor sufficiently general to account for sex wherever it exists To be such a factor, parasites must show virulences specific to differing genotypes Models are set up on this basis (one-locus diploid-selection and two-locus haploid-selection) in which the rapid demographic reactivity of parasite strains to abundance of susceptible hosts becomes represented in a single frequency-dependent fitness function which applies to every host genotype It is shown that with frequency dependence sufficiently intense such models generate cycles, and that in certain states of cycling sexual species easily obtain higher long-term geometric mean fitness than any competing monotypic asexual species or mixture of such In the successful cycle of the two-locus model, it is seen that both population size and gene frequencies may be steady while only oscillating linkage disequilibrium reflects the intense selection by parasites High levels of recombination work best Fecundity in the models can be low and no incidence of competition of siblings or other relatives is required
1,277 citations
354 citations
"Intraspecific variability in herbiv..." refers background in this paper
...Introduction Few studies of insect-plant relationships have focused on naturally occurring intraspecific variability either in host quality or in herbivore efficiency (but see Edmunds & Alstad, 1978; Mitter et al., 1979; Journet, 1980)....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Genetics of host-parasite interaction, Genetics of hosts and parasites interaction, and parasite-host interaction: a probabilistic approach to solve the mystery of host and parasite interaction.
Abstract: Genetics of host-parasite interaction , Genetics of host-parasite interaction , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
243 citations
TL;DR: The genetics of the ability of the Great Plains race and Races A and E of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), to survive on wheat cultivars ‘Seneca’ and ‘Monon,’ which have different genes for resistance (antibiosis), was studied.
Abstract: The genetics of the ability of the Great Plains race and Races A and E of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), to survive on wheat cultivars ‘Seneca’ and ‘Monon,’ which have different genes for resistance (antibiosis), was studied in 3 crossing experiments. Results of reciprocal crosses between Great Plains race (larvae cannot survive on either cultivar) and Race A (larvae survive on Seneca but not on Monon) and between Great Plains race and Race E (larvae survive on Monon but not on Seneca) showed that the ability of Race A to survive on Seneca and of Race E to survive on Monon are controlled by single recessive gene pairs. The F2 and backcross generations demonstrated that males transmit only maternally derived chromosomes and that paternally derived chromosomes are eliminated during spermatogenesis. Since the F1 males of reciprocal crosses bred as if they were homozygous for the genotype of their female parent, the phenotype of F2 and backcross progenies differed according to the direction of the cross between the F1 parents.
In a test for allelism, the reciprocal crosses between Race A and Race E produced F1 progenies that were the phenotype of the Great Plains race. Therefore, the ability to survive on Seneca and the ability to survive on Monon are controlled by genes at different loci and not by alleles of the same gene. Then the genie systems of the insect and host are complementary since there is a gene-for-gene relationship, and each resistant gene in wheat has a complementary gene for survival in the insect.
216 citations
TL;DR: The analysis of inversion karyotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura by Dobzhansky shows how genetic variation is affected by selection and by the size, dynamics, and degree of subdivision of populations.
Abstract: Ecological genetics is the investigation of the influence of ecological factors on the genetic properties of populations, and the influence of genetic structure on their ecological properties. Ideally, these studies should determine how genetic variation is affected by selection and by the size, dynamics, and degree of subdivision of populations; what ecological factors determine the relative fitness of genotypes; and what effect the genetic composition of a population has on such ecological parameters as its density, stability, and ecological amplitude. Many studies have demonstrated selection in natural populations; indeed, the widespread existence of selection is perhaps the only generalization that can be made about ecological genetics. But most studies are incomplete. A few, such as the analysis of inversion karyotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura by Dobzhansky
155 citations
"Intraspecific variability in herbiv..." refers background in this paper
...Introduction Few studies of insect-plant relationships have focused on naturally occurring intraspecific variability either in host quality or in herbivore efficiency (but see Edmunds & Alstad, 1978; Mitter et al., 1979; Journet, 1980)....
[...]