Intraventricular administration of neuropeptide S has reward-like effects.
TL;DR: The data suggest that intraventricular NPS injections have reward-like effects in that NPS weakly facilitates seeking and induces positive reinforcement, which may depend on intact dopamine and hypocretin systems.
About: This article is published in European Journal of Pharmacology.The article was published on 2011-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 23 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neuropeptide S & SCH-23390.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of Neuropeptide S (NPS) on rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) as an index of affective state and on behavior in novel environments in rats with persistent inter-individual differences in exploratory activity was examined.
Abstract: Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a peptide neurotransmitter that in animal studies promotes wakefulness and arousal with simultaneous anxiety reduction, in some inconsistency with results in humans We examined the effect of NPS on rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) as an index of affective state and on behaviour in novel environments in rats with persistent inter-individual differences in exploratory activity Adult male Wistar rats were categorised as of high (HE) or low (LE) exploratory activity and NPS was administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) at a dose of 10 nmol/5 µL, after which USVs were recorded in the home-cage and a novel standard housing cage, and behaviour evaluated in exploration/anxiety tests NPS induced a massive production of long and short 22 kHz USVs in the home cage that continued later in the novel environment; no effect on 50 kHz USVs were found In LE-rats, the long 22 kHz calls were emitted at lower frequencies and were louder The effects of NPS on behaviour appeared novelty- and test-dependent NPS had an anxiolytic-like effect in LE-rats only in the elevated zero-maze, whereas in HE-rats, locomotor activity in the zero-maze and in a novel standard cage was increased Thus NPS appears as a psychostimulant peptide but with a complex effect on dimensions of affect
1 citations
TL;DR: Structured rehabilitation therapy, compared to unstructured supportive therapy, significantly reduced the level of schizophrenia disorders defined by various factor models derived from PANSS.
Abstract: Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a factor associated with the central regulation of body weight, stress, anxiety, learning, memory consolidation, wakefulness–sleep cycle, and anti-inflammatory and neuroplastic effects. Its stress-reducing, anti-anxiety, arousal without anxiety, and pro-cognitive effects represent an interesting option for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential associations of NPS levels in the blood with clinical and metabolic parameters during the rehabilitation therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-three male subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups. The rehabilitation group (REH, N16) consisted of patients who were subjected to structured, 3-month intensive rehabilitation therapy, and the control group (CON, N17) consisted of patients who were subjected to a standard support mechanism. Both groups continued their pharmacological treatment as usual. The NPS concentration, as well as clinical and metabolic parameters, were compared in both groups. Additionally, a group of healthy (H) males (N15) was tested for NPS reference scores. To look for the specificity and selectivity of the NPS relationship with clinical results, various factor models of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were analyzed, including the original PANSS 2/3 model, its modified four-factor version, the male-specific four-factor model, and two five-factorial models validated in large groups in clinical and multi-ethnic studies. Results and conclusions: (1) Structured rehabilitation therapy, compared to unstructured supportive therapy, significantly reduced the level of schizophrenia disorders defined by various factor models derived from PANSS. (2) The clinical improvement within the 3-month rehabilitation therapy course was correlated with a significant decrease in neuropeptide S (NPS) serum level. (3) The excitement/Hostility (E/H) factor, which included schizophrenic symptoms of the psychotic disorganization, was specific and selective for the reduction in serum NPS, which was stable across all analyzed factor models. (4) The long-term relationship between serum NPS and clinical factors was not accompanied by basic metabolic parameters.
1 citations
TL;DR: The work conducted so far indicates the NPS/NPSR system as a potential target to develop new treatments for alcohol and cocaine abuse, and an NPSR agonist would be indicated to help individuals to quit alcohol consumption and to alleviate withdrawal syndrome, while N PSR antagonists would be suggested to prevent relapse to alcohol- and cocaine-seeking behavior.
Abstract: The neuropeptide S (NPS) is the endogenous ligand of the NPS receptor (NPSR). The NPSR is widely expressed in brain regions that process emotional and affective behavior. NPS possesses a unique physio-pharmacological profile, being anxiolytic and promoting arousal at the same time. Intracerebroventricular NPS decreased alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats with no effect in non-preferring control animals. This outcome is most probably linked to the anxiolytic properties of NPS, since alcohol preference is often associated with high levels of basal anxiety and intense stress-reactivity. In addition, NPSR mRNA was overexpressed during ethanol withdrawal and the anxiolytic-like effects of NPS were increased in rodents with a history of alcohol dependence. In line with these preclinical findings, a polymorphism of the NPSR gene was associated with anxiety traits contributing to alcohol use disorders in humans. NPS also potentiated the reinstatement of cocaine and ethanol seeking induced by drug-paired environmental stimuli and the blockade of NPSR reduced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking. Altogether, the work conducted so far indicates the NPS/NPSR system as a potential target to develop new treatments for alcohol and cocaine abuse. An NPSR agonist would be indicated to help individuals to quit alcohol consumption and to alleviate withdrawal syndrome, while NPSR antagonists would be indicated to prevent relapse to alcohol- and cocaine-seeking behavior.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is found that the dopamine neurons of sensitized animals have become increasingly sensitive to excitatory pharmacological and environmental stimuli or desensitized to inhibitory regulation, and changes in cellular activity or protein synthesis may result in a change in the presynaptic regulation of axon terminal dopamine release.
2,042 citations
"Intraventricular administration of ..." refers background in this paper
..., 2005), while behavioral sensitization depends on their actions in the ventral tegmental area (Kalivas and Stewart, 1991; Kalivas and Weber, 1988; Vezina and Stewart, 1990)....
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TL;DR: Experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell), whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the vents of the ventral striatum.
1,387 citations
"Intraventricular administration of ..." refers background in this paper
...Because dopamine transmission occurring in the medial part of the ventral striatum plays a critical role in reward seeking (Ikemoto, 2007; Shin et al., 2010), the medial ventral striatum may play a critical role in cue-assisted self-administration of NPS....
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TL;DR: It is reported that a neuropeptide, NPS, potently modulates wakefulness and could also regulate anxiety, and it is shown that the LC region encompasses distinct nuclei expressing different arousal-promoting neurotransmitters.
474 citations
"Intraventricular administration of ..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, the fact that intraventricular NPS promotes locomotor activity and wakefulness (Xu et al., 2004) makes it unclear whether increased lever pressing was due to enhanced seeking or “general” arousal....
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...Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a recently identified endogenous ligand of an orphan G protein coupled receptor (Xu et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: Over a short period in the late 1990s, three groups converged on the discovery of a neuropeptide system, centred in the dorsolateral hypothalamus, that regulates arousal states, influences feeding and is implicated in the sleep disorder narcolepsy.
Abstract: Over a short period in the late 1990s, three groups converged on the discovery of a neuropeptide system, centred in the dorsolateral hypothalamus, that regulates arousal states, influences feeding and is implicated in the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Subsequent studies have illuminated many aspects of the circuitry of the hypocretin (also called orexin) system, which also influences hormone secretion and autonomic homeostasis, and have led to the hypothesis that most human narcolepsies result from an autoimmune attack against the hypocretin-producing neurons. The biochemical, physiological and anatomical components that regulate the switch between waking and sleeping are becoming clear. The rapidity with which the hypocretin story has emerged is a testament to both the conceptual and the technical evolution of genomic science in the past two decades.
426 citations
TL;DR: A neurobiological theory claiming that there is an intrinsic central process that coordinates various selective functions (including perceptual, visceral, and reinforcement processes) into a global function of approach is outlined.
391 citations
"Intraventricular administration of ..." refers background in this paper
...…to be expressed throughout the brain (Leonard and Ring, 2011; Xu et al., 2007), including in the regions that are associated with reward processes (Ikemoto, 2010): the ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, diagonal band, paraventricular thalamic nucleus,…...
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..., 2007), including in the regions that are associated with reward processes (Ikemoto, 2010): the ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, diagonal band, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, preoptic area, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas, periaqueductal gray, median and dorsal raphe nuclei and parabrachial nucleus....
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