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Journal ArticleDOI

Investigating the effect of a nap following experimental trauma on analogue PTSD symptoms.

25 Feb 2021-Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 11, Iss: 1, pp 4710-4710
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether a 90min daytime nap compared to a wake period after being exposed to an experimental trauma (i.e. a trauma film) prevents PTSD analogue symptoms.
Abstract: Cognitive models assume that the incomplete integration of a traumatic experience into the autobiographical memory results in typical symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as intrusive re-experiencing. Sleep supports the integration of new experiences into existing memory networks through memory consolidation. In fifty-six females, we investigated whether a 90-min daytime nap (n = 33) compared to a wake period (n = 23) after being exposed to an experimental trauma (i.e. a trauma film) prevents PTSD analogue symptoms. Intrusive memories were recorded for seven days using a diary, overall PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) and affective response to trauma cues were measured one week after experimental trauma. The two groups did not differ in any of the analogue PTSD symptoms. However, participants obtaining rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the nap experienced less distressing intrusive memories. Moreover, the duration of REM sleep and slow wave activity was negatively correlated with analogue PTSD symptoms. Our findings suggest that even a short sleep period after experimental trauma can play a protective role in trauma memory formation but only if the nap contains REM sleep. Our data provide additional evidence for a critical role of REM sleep in PTSD development.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined whether sleep selectively strengthened emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories.
Abstract: Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.

22 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2021
TL;DR: The role of sleep in altering reactivity to emotional stimuli has been highly varied, with significant findings in opposite directions as discussed by the authors, with sleep interventions that could help make sure that memories of negative emotional experiences are processed in the most adaptive manner possible.
Abstract: It is important to examine what effect sleep has after an emotional experience. More knowledge about this topic could help inform us whether there are any potential sleep interventions that could help make sure that memories of negative emotional experiences are processed in the most adaptive manner possible. Findings on the role of sleep in altering reactivity to emotional stimuli have been highly varied, with significant findings in opposite directions. A new exciting development in the field is several studies finding that sleep seems to make memories of negative experiences less intrusive. This review has mainly aimed to give an overview of the field, and of which issues need to be resolved. We argue for there being a strong need for standardization of how data are analyzed and presented, as well as for better methods for determining to what extent the effects of sleep are specific for a particular memory, or represent general changes in emotional reactivity.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) as mentioned in this paper is a sleep-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which traumatic memories result in flashbacks and nightmares.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between sleep during deployment, combat-related trauma, and PTSD in military personnel, from which the importance of restorative sleep results was discussed. But, the authors did not consider the effect of sleep fragmentation in the development of PTSD symptoms.
Abstract: Sleep disturbances are well-recognised symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This review updates knowledge regarding the relationship between sleep during deployment, combat-related trauma, and PTSD in military personnel, from which the importance of restorative sleep results. The description of the characteristics of sleep in military forces with the considerable roles of the operational and training contexts highlights the important consequences of degraded sleep. Indeed, a lot of data suggest a dynamic link between sleep and the onset and chronicity of PTSD. We propose a reciprocal relationship model with strategies strongly recommended or already adopted by the military to promote restorative sleep before and after combat exposure. Among the alterations in a variety of sleep architecture and sleep patterns described in PTSD, the physiological hypothesis of REM sleep fragmentation in the development of PTSD symptoms may be important because REM sleep is generally associated with emotional memory. Finally, we address clinical and research perspectives that could be used to detect or restore sleep continuity before and during military deployment to possibly alleviate nightmares and insomnia related to combat exposure and PTSD occurrence and improve our understanding of sleep in PTSD.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the relationship between sleep and spontaneous cognition was examined across different definitions and measurements of sleep outcomes, and a diversity of methodologies, and the results indicated that self-reported disturbed sleep was associated with a tendency to engage in disruptive mind wandering and daydreaming.

4 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The clinimetric and clinical properties of the PSQI suggest its utility both in psychiatric clinical practice and research activities.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Murray W. Johns1
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13,788 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Un nouvel inventaire auto-administre destine a mesurer l'anxiete pathologique, le «Beck Anxiety Cheklist» (BAI) est decrit, evalue et compare au «Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale» (test avec lequel des correlations moderees sont trouvees).
Abstract: Un nouvel inventaire auto-administre destine a mesurer l'anxiete pathologique, le «Beck Anxiety Cheklist» (BAI) est decrit, evalue et compare au «Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale» (test avec lequel des correlations moderees sont trouvees)

11,139 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reports of affective experience obtained using SAM are compared to the Semantic Differential scale devised by Mehrabian and Russell (An approach to environmental psychology, 1974), which requires 18 different ratings.

7,472 citations