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Journal ArticleDOI

Investigation of bioactivities of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Dioscorea pentaphylla leaf along with its phenolic composition

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the in-vivo antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and antimicrobial activity and invivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Dioscorea pentaphylla.
Abstract: The present study was performed to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and antimicrobial activity and in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Dioscorea pentaphylla (D. pentaphylla) leaf along with determining the bioactive phenolic compounds by HPLC analysis. Standard methods were used to investigate the aforementioned bioactivities. Methanol extract showed higher total phenolic activity, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities, whereas ethyl acetate extract showed better activities in total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity assays. Dose-dependent moderate reducing capacity was observed for both extracts in cupric reducing and reducing power capacity assays. The methanol extract was found to be more potent than ethyl acetate extract according to brine shrimp lethality bioactivity test. Both extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in the disk diffusion method. In tail immersion test, at 1000 mg/kg dose, both extracts of D. pentaphylla showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in pain sensation. Ethyl acetate extract has significantly (p < 0.05) decreased writhing of the tested mice which were induced by acetic acid. The number of licks in formalin-induced paw licking test was markedly (p < 0.05) lessened in both extracts administration. Ethyl acetate extract revealed better anti-inflammatory activities than methanol extract in two well-known anti-inflammatory models (Xylene-induced ear edema, Cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation). Methanol extract displayed potent anti-diarrheal activity. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin) in the leaf extract of D. pentaphylla. These phytochemical constituents might have the role in the observed activities.
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TL;DR: The present study suggests the protective role of JgMe against hepatic injury induced by CF which may be attributed to its higher antioxidant properties and thereby scientifically justifies its traditional use.
Abstract: In folk medicines, Justicia gendarussa (J. gendarussa) is used as a depurative herb for treating fever, pain, and cancer and as laxative for constipation. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the leaf methanol extract of J. gendarussa leaf (J gMe) against carbofuran (CF)-intoxicated liver injuries in Sprague-Dawley rats, along with the antioxidant activity of this extract. For this purpose, levels of serum diagnostic markers, hepatic antioxidant enzymes, and liver histo-architecture were employed to justify the protective efficacy of J gMe. In addition, the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were quantified, and antioxidant activity was investigated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays. Results revealed that the leaf extract caused a significant (<0.05, <0.01) decrease of the level of hepatic enzymes, triglycerides, and bilirubin and an increase of the total protein. J gMe has also significantly (<0.05, <0.01) lowered the level of malonylaldehyde. Carbofuran markedly suppressed hepatic antioxidant enzymes, however, the leaf extract significantly augmented these enzymes. The hepatoprotective effect was demonstrated by the improvement in the histo-architectural features of liver sections of CF-intoxicated rats treated with J gMe at 500 mg/kg dose. In addition, J gMe showed moderate total phenolic and total flavonoid content, whereas the IC50 values of DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays were 71.31 ± 0.42, 134.82 ± 0.14, 47.69 ± 0.38, and 118.44 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests the protective role of J gMe against hepatic injury induced by CF, which may be attributed to its higher antioxidant properties and thereby scientifically justifies its traditional use.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the most recent literature pertaining to the use of TQ for the prevention and treatment of various diseases along with possible mechanisms of action, and the potential use of this natural product as a complementary or alternative medicine is presented in this paper.
Abstract: The dietary phytochemical thymoquinone (TQ), belonging to the family of quinones, mainly obtained from the black and angular seeds of Nigella sativa, is one of the promising monoterpenoid hydrocarbons, which has been receiving massive attention for its therapeutic potential and pharmacological properties. It plays an important role as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in the treatment of various diseases and illnesses. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the most recent literature pertaining to the use of TQ for the prevention and treatment of various diseases along with possible mechanisms of action, and the potential use of this natural product as a complementary or alternative medicine. Research findings indicated that TQ exhibits numerous pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anticancer, among others. Conclusions of this review on the therapeutic aspects of TQ highlight the medicinal and folk values of this compound against various diseases and ailments. In short, TQ could be a novel drug in clinical trials, as we hope.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of the published articles has revealed that the majority of studies have been performed with plant tubers (rhizomes, roots), while reports on leaves are rather scarce as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: Dioscorea, consisting of over 600 species, is the most important genus in the Dioscoreaceae family; however, the practically used plants, which are commonly called yam, are restricted to a remarkably smaller number of species. Numerous studies have reported the high nutritional value of yam, particularly as an alternative source of starch and some important micronutrients. Several Dioscorea species are widely used for various medicinal purposes as well. In many studies, the bioactivities and health benefits of Dioscorea extracts and other preparations have been related to the presence of phytochemicals, which possess antioxidant properties; they are related mainly to radical-scavenging capacity in chemical assays and positive effects on the endogenous antioxidant system in cell-based and in vivo assays. Considering the increasing number of publications on this topic and the absence of comprehensive and focused review papers on antioxidant potential, this article summarizes the results of studies on the antioxidant properties of Dioscorea spp. and their relation to phytochemicals and health benefits. A comprehensive survey of the published articles has revealed that the majority of studies have been performed with plant tubers (rhizomes, roots), while reports on leaves are rather scarce. In general, leaf extracts demonstrated stronger antioxidant potential than tuber preparations. This may be related to the differences in phytochemical composition: saponins, phenanthrenes and, for some pigment-rich species (purple yams), anthocyanins are important constituents in tubers, while phenolic acids and flavonoids are characteristic phytochemicals in the leaves. The review may assist in explaining ethnopharmacological knowledge on the health benefits of Dioscorea plants and their preparations; moreover, it may foster further studies of poorly investigated species, as well as their wider application in developing new functional foods and nutraceuticals.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The in vitro antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf of Marsd...
Abstract: The in vitro antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf of Marsd...

10 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors scrutinize the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf using different in vivo assay models at doses of...
Abstract: The objective of our present study is to scrutinize the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf using different in vivo assay models at doses of...

9 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards continue to be based on this publication; the “Kirby-Bauer” method is, among the many disk methods used in other countries, still the one that has been researched most thoroughly and updated continuously.
Abstract: In the words of the authors, the paper by A. W. Bauer et al., from the University of Washington in Seattle, on a standardized single-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing “. . . consolidate(s) and update(s) previous descriptions of the method and provide(s) a concise outline for its performance and interpretation.” Clinical microbiologists were relieved that finally a disk diffusion method had been standardized, could be used with ease, and provided reliable results as compared with minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The pivotal role of Hans Ericsson’s theoretical and practical studies (H. Ericsson and G. Svartz-Malmberg, Antibiot. Chemother. 6:41–74, 1959), as well as earlier reports by some of the authors of the publications cited, must be mentioned as a matter of fairness. Most of the recommendations given are still valid today even though some of the antimicrobial agents are obsolete, new ones have been added, some zone sizes had to be modified, and new media were designed for Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards continue to be based on this publication; the “Kirby-Bauer” method is, among the many disk methods used in other countries, still the one that has been researched most thoroughly and updated continuously. ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ

16,916 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The BGA team discusses the development of G-15, which aims to address the challenge of “superbugs” in the high-acid environment.
Abstract: グルコサミン塩酸塩を遊離形にし, 37℃インキュベーターで0日から30日間放置褐変した褐変グルコサミン (BGA) の抗酸化性, 還元力, 褐変度, アミノ糖の残存量, pH, 水分量, 全窒素量を, 放置0日から5日間は毎日, 以後5日間の間隔で30日間測定した。一方, 0, 15, 30日間放置褐変したBGAをセファデックスG-15で分画し, 抗酸化性, 還元力, 褐変度, pHについて測定して, 次のような結果を得た。1) 遊離グルコサミンは, 3日間放置後より白色粉末状から褐色ペースト状に急激な変化を示した。2) 最も強い抗酸化性は, 25日間と30日間放置褐変したBGAで認められた。3) BGAのリノール酸に対する抗酸化性は, 褐変度と深い関係を示した。4) 長く放置褐変したBGAは, 分子量が比較的高い領域の褐変生成物質と, 比較的低い領域の褐変生成物質に分画された。5) 長く放置褐変したBGAでは, 高分子の褐変生成物質のフラクションと, 低分子の褐変生成物質のフラクションの中間フラクションに抗酸化性を認めた。

6,976 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in the laboratory to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant extracts and to determine vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean.

4,644 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant activity and total phenolics of 28 plant products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, and several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants were determined.
Abstract: The antioxidant activities and total phenolics of 28 plant products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, and several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants were determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin−Ciocalteu method, varied from 169 to 10548 mg/100 g of dry product. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract evaluated according to the β-carotene bleaching method expressed as AOX (Δ log A470/min), AA (percent inhibition relative to control), ORR (oxidation rate ratio), and AAC (antioxidant activity coefficient) ranged from 0.05, 53.7, 0.009, and 51.7 to 0.26, 99.1, 0.46, and 969.3, respectively. The correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidative activities was statistically significant. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; phenolics; medicinal plants; oilseeds; buckwheat; vegetables; fruits; wheat products

3,633 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Screening results with seed extracts of 41 species of Euphorbiaceae were compared with 9KB and 9PS cytotoxicities and the method is rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and convenient as an in-house general bioassay tool.
Abstract: A method, utilizing brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach), is proposed as a simple bioassay for natural product research. The procedure determines LC (50) values in microg/ml of active compounds and extracts in the brine medium. Activities of a broad range of known active compounds are manifested as toxicity to the shrimp. Screening results with seed extracts of 41 species of Euphorbiaceae were compared with 9KB and 9PS cytotoxicities. The method is rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and convenient as an in-house general bioassay tool.

3,617 citations