Investigation of biodiesel production methods by altering free fatty acid content in vegetable oils
03 Jul 2020-Vol. 11, Iss: 5, pp 587-595
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of variations in free fattens in free-fattens have been explored and compared with the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats.
Abstract: Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats by various methods among which transesterification is the most widely used. The present work explores the effects of variations in free fatt...
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TL;DR: In this article, the components of Terminalia chebula plant such as leaves and seeds are effectively utilized as a green source for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and production of biodiesel, respectively.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-linear regression model was proposed to predict the density, kinematic viscosity and surface tension of biodiesel, which is based on the straight chain saturation factor and modified degree of unsaturation.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the efficacy of utilizing emulsification and water injection methods to mitigate the higher NOx emissions with biodiesel is investigated in the light-duty diesel engine at rated speed, varying load conditions with neat biodiesel, biodiesel-water emulsion, and biodiesel water injection.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the macroscopic spray characteristics of fresh and aged Karanja biodiesels are compared with that of diesel, and the results showed that although biodiesel's long-term storage results in variations in physical and chemical properties, there are no significant variations in the macro-scopic spraying characteristics.
Abstract: A significant obstacle to utilize biodiesel fuel for automotive engine applications is its poor oxidative stability. In the present work, oxidation and spray characteristics of Karanja biodiesel stored for one year are studied. The fuel physical properties that influence the spray characteristics, viz. density, kinematic viscosity, and surface tension, are increased by 0.38%, 12.74%, and 3.95%, respectively, after a one-year storage period. The macroscopic spray characteristics of fresh and aged Karanja biodiesels are compared with that of diesel. The spray penetration length, spray cone angle, and the projected spray area are measured at chamber pressures of 20, 30, and 40 bar and injection pressures of 300, 600, and 900 bar. The results showed reduced mass flow rate at lower injection pressures with fresh and aged biodiesels than diesel. At 300 bar injection pressure, spray penetration length is longer with diesel during the initial injection period, but later the spray slows down. There are no appreciable differences in the spray penetration length and the spray cone angle between diesel, fresh, and aged biodiesels at all the injection pressures. The projected spray area is higher for diesel than biodiesels indicating a denser spray with biodiesels. The study concludes that although biodiesel's long-term storage results in variations in physical and chemical properties, there are no significant variations in the macroscopic spray characteristics. Analysis of atomization characteristics of fresh and aged biodiesels also revealed similar results.
15 citations
TL;DR: A critical analysis of approaches and models available in the literature to predict biodiesel properties that are important for fuel quality specifications, storage, handling, and durability of the fuel injection systems is provided in this paper.
Abstract: The engine fuel properties of biodiesel are required for fuel quality assessment, spray and combustion modelling studies and engine optimization studies. Experimental measurement of biodiesel fuel properties over a broad range of temperatures is cost-intensive, laborious, time-consuming, and requires skilled labour. Thus, there have been sustained interests to develop models for predicting biodiesel fuel properties using various approaches for the past 50 years. The models developed for predicting fuel properties are based on various approaches that have advantages and limitations. The present review provides a critical analysis of approaches and models available in the literature to predict biodiesel properties that are important for fuel quality specifications, storage, handling, and durability of the fuel injection systems. The reliability of any empirical model depends on the number of data points considered in calibrating the model. The review articles available in the literature neither discussed the number of calibration samples nor the number of validation samples used for model development. Also, it is essential to validate the prediction models using additional data set which are not considered in calibrating the models. The present review addresses these limitations wherein the favourable features and limitations of models available to predict biodiesel properties are discussed in terms of reported deviations, validation method, model simplicity, applicable range and the number of data points used in calibrating and validating the models. Thus, the analysis provided therein helps to choose appropriate property prediction models based on the intended application. Further, poor oxidative stability is one of the significant drawbacks with biodiesel, and no literature discusses the models to predict oxidative stability of biodiesel. This limitation is also addressed in the present review. Biodiesel composition-based models are suggested to predict the calorific value provided a more comprehensive range, and the type of methyl esters are considered in the model calibration. Due to simplicity, estimating biodiesel density based on the predicted density of methyl esters and applying suitable mixing law is suggested. Accurate models to predict biodiesel flashpoint temperature and oxidative stability need to be developed considering their significance. Models involving composition-based indicators are recommended to predict biodiesel cold filter plugging point and kinematic viscosity due to model simplicity and better accuracy.
15 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the causes of the rise in the demand and production of bio-fuels, and show the state of the art of their world's current production, as well as issues regarding production cost and the relation of their economic feasibility with oil international prices.
Abstract: The imminent decline of the world's oil production, its high market prices and environmental impacts have made the production of biofuels to reach unprecedent volumes over the last 10 years. This is why there have been intense debates among international organizations and political leaders in order to discuss the impacts of the biofuel use intensification. Besides assessing the causes of the rise in the demand and production of biofuels, this paper also shows the state of the art of their world's current production. It is also discussed different vegetable raw materials sources and technological paths to produce biofuels, as well as issues regarding production cost and the relation of their economic feasibility with oil international prices. The environmental impacts of programs that encourage biofuel production, farmland land requirements and the impacts on food production are also discussed, considering the life cycle analysis (LCA) as a tool. It is concluded that the rise in the use of biofuels is inevitable and that international cooperation, regulations and certification mechanisms must be established regarding the use of land, the mitigation of environmental and social impacts caused by biofuel production. It is also mandatory to establish appropriate working conditions and decent remuneration for workers of the biofuels production chain.
670 citations
TL;DR: A technique to produce biodiesel from mahua oil (Madhuca indica) having high free fatty acids (19% FFA) has been developed in this paper, where a two-step pretreatment process was carried out with 0.30-0.35 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% v/V H 2 SO 4 as an acid catalyst in 1-hour reaction at 60°C.
Abstract: A technique to produce biodiesel from mahua oil ( Madhuca indica ) having high free fatty acids (19% FFA) has been developed. The high FFA level of mahua oil was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step pretreatment process. Each step was carried out with 0.30–0.35 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% v/v H 2 SO 4 as an acid catalyst in 1-hour reaction at 60°C. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to settle for an hour and methanol–water mixture that separated at the top was removed. The second step product at the bottom was transesterified using 0.25 v/v methanol and 0.7% w/v KOH as alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of mahua biodiesel were found to be comparable to those of diesel and conforming to both the American and European standards.
627 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of dislocation density in two tempered martensite ferritic steels (a 12% and a 9% chromium steel, X20 and P91) during heat treatment and creep is analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); both methods yield results which are in good agreement when rationalizing the XRD-data based on densities of free dislocations.
423 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the mechanism of a dual process adopted for the production of biodiesel from Karanja oil containing free fatty acids (FFAs) up to 20%.
Abstract: Non-edible oil contains several unsaponifiable and toxic components, which make them unsuitable for human consumption. Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata ) is an underutilized plant which is grown in many parts of India. Sometimes the oil is contaminated with high free fatty acids (FFAs) depending upon the moisture content in the seed during collection as well as oil expression. The present study deals with production of biodiesel from high FFA Karanja oil because the conventional alkali-catalyzed route is not the feasible route. This paper discusses the mechanism of a dual process adopted for the production of biodiesel from Karanja oil containing FFA up to 20%. The first step is acid-catalyzed esterification by using 0.5% H 2 SO 4 , alcohol 6:1 molar ratio with respect to the high FFA Karanja oil to produce methyl ester by lowering the acid value, and the next step is alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The yield of biodiesel from high FFA Karanja oil by dual step process has been observed to be 96.6–97%.
408 citations
TL;DR: A two-step process consisting of pre-esterification and transesterification was developed to produce biodiesel from crude Jatropha curcas L. oil and the yield was higher than 98% in 20 min using 1.3% KOH as catalyst and a molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1 at 64 °C.
291 citations