Investigation of the effects of ionic liquid as diluent in separation of lactic acid from aqueous media by reactive extraction
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used tripropylamine (TPA) as an extractant and hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as a diluent to separate lactic acid from aqueous solutions.
Abstract: The fact that fossil fuels will be depleted in near future and the increase of environmental awareness in humans causes biotechnology to seek new and develop existing processes constantly. That is why researchers have turned to work in this field in recent years. In this study, the separation of lactic acid, an industrially important organic acid, from aqueous solutions by reactive extraction method where tripropylamine (TPA) has been used as an extractant and hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as a diluent was investigated. Six different traditional organic solvents (n-pentane, toluene, 2-octanone 1-octanol, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), dimethyl phthalate (DMP)) have been chosen to compare the efficiency of the selected ionic liquid. The batch physical and reactive extraction experiment results were presented as distribution coefficient (D), loading factor (Z), and extraction efficiency (E). All experiments were performed at 298.15 K with an initial lactic acid concentration of 1.28 mol·L-1 (10.275% w/w). In reactive extraction experiments, the effect of different TPA concentrations (0.35–1.4 mol·L-1) on extraction efficiency was investigated. While the extraction efficiency in physical extraction varied between 5.55 and 14.06%, ionic liquid has the highest extraction efficiency. In the reactive extraction results, it was seen that the ionic liquid has 99.61% extraction efficiency at 1.40 mol·L-1 TPA concentration. According to this result, the use of (TPA + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) organic mixtures is a suitable alternative to separate lactic acid from aqueous solutions.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the performance of carboxylic acid extraction using novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of amides and geraniol was studied.
7 citations
TL;DR: Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered a green viable organic solvent substitute for use in the extraction and purification of biosynthetic products (derived from biomass, solid/liquid extraction, or obtained through fermentation) as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered a green viable organic solvent substitute for use in the extraction and purification of biosynthetic products (derived from biomass—solid/liquid extraction, or obtained through fermentation—liquid/liquid extraction). In this review, we analyzed the ionic liquids (greener alternative for volatile organic media in chemical separation processes) as solvents for extraction (physical and reactive) and pertraction (extraction and transport through liquid membranes) in the downstream part of organic acids production, focusing on current advances and future trends of ILs in the fields of promoting environmentally friendly products separation.
3 citations
05 Jul 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used for the separation of protocatechuic acid (PCA) from aqueous solutions in diluent octanol.
Abstract: BACKGROUND The production of protocatechuic acid (PCA) (which has significant applications in organic intermediates, chemical reagents, pharmaceuticals, dye synthesis, etc.) by fermentation is a potential replacement to the conventional petrochemical routes of carboxylic acid production. However, the extraction processes of these carboxylic acids from fermentation broths and dilute waste water using organic solvents imply additional environment hazards. Ionic liquids (ILs) have come to the focus because of their superior properties as well as environmentally friendly nature, and are being intensively used for separation processes. The equilibrium extraction efficiency for bio PCA using two imidazolium ILs – 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF4) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmim-PF6) – was investigated under isothermal conditions in diluent octanol. The distribution coefficient and extraction efficiency were determined to be much greater than those obtained with traditional extractants and diluents. RESULTS This work is the first of its type to use ILs for PCA isolation. From the equilibrium extraction experiments conducted it was observed, in octanol, that the average distribution coefficients (KD) values for bmimBF4 and bmim-PF6 were 5.3 and 5.36, respectively, with average extraction efficiencies of 83.84% and 84.08% at a lower IL concentration of 10% by volume, and the findings may be utilised to develop an extraction purification system for PCA separation from aqueous streams. Multiple stages of separation may lead to almost 100% recovery. CONCLUSION PCA was efficiently extracted from aqueous solutions using bmimBF4 and bmim-PF6 in octanol, providing preliminary practical information and theoretical support for PCA separation, purification and recovery. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
2 citations
01 Jan 2023
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TL;DR: This critical review aims to present an overview of the current understanding of the toxicity and environmental impact of the principal ionic liquid groups, and highlights some emerging concerns.
Abstract: Ionic liquids were initially proposed as replacements for conventional organic solvents; however, their chemistry has developed remarkably and offers unexpected opportunities in numerous fields, ranging from electrochemistry to biology As a consequence of ionic liquids advancing towards potential and actual applications, a comprehensive determination of their environmental, health and safety impact is now required This critical review aims to present an overview of the current understanding of the toxicity and environmental impact of the principal ionic liquid groups, and highlights some emerging concerns Each cation type is considered separately, examining the significance of the biological data, and identifying the most critical questions, some yet unresolved The need for more, and more detailed, studies is highlighted (176 references)
1,033 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the double electrodialysis (ED) process, a specific combination of desalting ED followed by watersplitting ED with bipolar membranes, has given very promising results, showing a strong potential for an efficient and economic process for recovery and purification of lactic acid without generating a salt waste.
Abstract: Lactic acid, the most widely occurring hydroxycarboxylic acid, is an enigmatic chemical. It was discovered a long time ago and its use in food preservation and processing and as a specialty chemical has grown over the years with current production of about 120 000 t yr−1. Its potential as a major chemical feedstock, derived from renewable carbohydrates by sustainable technologies, to make plastics, fibers, solvents and oxygenated chemicals, had also been recognized. Recently, new technologies have emerged that can overcome major barriers in separations and purification and processing. Advances in electrodialysis (ED) and bipolar membranes and one particular process configuration termed the ‘double ED’ process, a specific combination of desalting ED followed by ‘water-splitting’ ED with bipolar membranes, has given very promising results, showing a strong potential for an efficient and economic process for recovery and purification of lactic acid without generating a salt waste. For the production of polymers, several advances in catalysts and process improvements have occurred in the technology to produce dilactide and its polymerization to produce plastics and fibers by Natureworks LLC, which is the leader in lactic polymer technology and markets. Other advances in esterification technology with pervaporation and development of biosolvent blends also have a high potential for ‘green’ solvents in many applications. Recently, a considerable amount of pioneering effort in technology, product development and commercialization has been expended by several companies. To overcome the barriers to replace long-established petroleum-derived products, further real support from consumer, regulatory and government organizations is also needed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
871 citations
TL;DR: This review will discuss lactic acid producers with relation to their fermentation characteristics and metabolism, and introduces inexpensive fermentative substrates, such as dairy products, food and agro-industrial wastes, glycerol, and algal biomass alternatives to costly pure sugars and food crops.
762 citations
TL;DR: These studies indicate that the solution properties of ionic liquids are similar to those of polar organic solvents, which is of interest for applications in separation science.
443 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the extraction of acetic, lactic, succinic, malonic, fumaric, and maleic acids by Alamine 336, an aliphatic, tertiary amine extractant, dissolved in various diluents, were interpreted by a chemical modeling approach, in which the stoichiometries of acid-amine complexes and corresponding equilibrium constants were determined.
Abstract: Studies have been made of the extraction of acetic, lactic, succinic, malonic, fumaric, and maleic acids by Alamine 336, an aliphatic, tertiary amine extractant, dissolved in various diluents. The results were interpreted by a «chemical modeling» approach, in which the stoichiometries of acid-amine complexes and corresponding equilibrium constants which best represent the experimental results were determined. The acids studied differed in pK a and in the presence or absence of functional groups other than the primary carboxyl group. Diluents were chosen from different chemical classes − electron donating, electron accepting, polar, and nonpolar − so as to examine the effects of diluent-complex interactions. These interactions were found to affect both the stoichiometry of reaction and the magnitudes of the corresponding equilibrium constants
426 citations