Investigation of thermodynamic parameters in the pyrolysis conversion of biomass and manure to biochars using thermogravimetric analysis.

doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.07.086

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Investigation of thermodynamic parameters in the pyrolysis conversion of biomass and manure to biochars using thermogravimetric analysis.

Journal Article•DOI•

Investigation of thermodynamic parameters in the pyrolysis conversion of biomass and manure to biochars using thermogravimetric analysis.

Yiliang Xu¹, Baoliang Chen¹•Institutions (1)

Zhejiang University¹

01 Oct 2013-Bioresource Technology (Elsevier)-Vol. 146, pp 485-493

TL;DR: The thermodynamic parameters of the conversion of two companion pair materials, i.e., rice straw vs dairy manure, and rice bran vs chicken manure, to biochars were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and the distinct decompositions of biomasses and manures were evaluated.

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About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2013-10-01. It has received 393 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chicken manure.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review.

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Xiaomin Zhu¹, Baoliang Chen¹, Lizhong Zhu¹, Baoshan Xing²•Institutions (2)

Zhejiang University¹, University of Massachusetts Amherst²

01 Aug 2017-Environmental Pollution

TL;DR: This review links microbial responses, including microbial activity, community structures and soil enzyme activities, with changes in soil properties caused by biochars, and summarized possible mechanisms that are involved in the effects that biochar-microbe interactions have on soil carbon sequestration and pollution remediation.

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551 citations

Cites background from "Investigation of thermodynamic para..."

...A clear rising curve between ash content with the pyrolysis temperatures has been found for crop residue biochar and manure biochar (Xu and Chen, 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues

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Keiji Jindo¹, Keiji Jindo², H. Mizumoto³, Yoshito Sawada¹, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero², Tomonori Sonoki³ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

University of Tokyo¹, Spanish National Research Council², Hirosaki University³

01 Dec 2014-Biogeosciences

TL;DR: In this article, a selection of organic wastes with different characteristics (e.g., rice husk (RH), rice straw (RS), wood chips of apple tree (Malus pumila) (AB), and oak tree (Quercus serrata) (OB)) were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) in order to optimize the physicochemical properties of biochar as a soil amendment.

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Abstract: . Biochar is widely recognized as an efficient tool for carbon sequestration and soil fertility. The understanding of its chemical and physical properties, which are strongly related to the type of the initial material used and pyrolysis conditions, is crucial to identify the most suitable application of biochar in soil. A selection of organic wastes with different characteristics (e.g., rice husk (RH), rice straw (RS), wood chips of apple tree (Malus pumila) (AB), and oak tree (Quercus serrata) (OB)) were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) in order to optimize the physicochemical properties of biochar as a soil amendment. Low-temperature pyrolysis produced high biochar yields; in contrast, high-temperature pyrolysis led to biochars with a high C content, large surface area, and high adsorption characteristics. Biochar obtained at 600 °C leads to a high recalcitrant character, whereas that obtained at 400 °C retains volatile and easily labile compounds. The biochar obtained from rice materials (RH and RS) showed a high yield and unique chemical properties because of the incorporation of silica elements into its chemical structure. The biochar obtained from wood materials (AB and OB) showed high carbon content and a high absorption character.

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543 citations

Cites background from "Investigation of thermodynamic para..."

...In addition, the mineral component functions as a barrier that prevents the diffusion of heat and therefore the release of the volatile component during the charring process (Xu and Chen, 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Insight into Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A Critical Review

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Xin Xiao¹, Baoliang Chen¹, Zaiming Chen², Lizhong Zhu¹, Jerald L. Schnoor³ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

Zhejiang University¹, Ningbo University², University of Iowa³

10 Apr 2018-Environmental Science & Technology

TL;DR: In this review, multiple and multilevel structures of biochars are interpreted based on their elemental compositions, phase components, surface properties, and molecular structures to design a "smart" biochar for environmentally sustainable applications.

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Abstract: Biochar is the carbon-rich product of the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions, and it has received increasing attention due to its multiple functions in the fields of climate change mitigation, sustainable agriculture, environmental control, and novel materials. To design a “smart” biochar for environmentally sustainable applications, one must understand recent advances in biochar molecular structures and explore potential applications to generalize upon structure–application relationships. In this review, multiple and multilevel structures of biochars are interpreted based on their elemental compositions, phase components, surface properties, and molecular structures. Applications such as carbon fixators, fertilizers, sorbents, and carbon-based materials are highlighted based on the biochar multilevel structures as well as their structure-application relationships. Further studies are suggested for more detailed biochar structural analysis and separation and for the combination of macros...

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520 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: A review

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Naveed Ahmed Qambrani¹, M. M. Rahman², M. M. Rahman¹, Seunggun Won³, Soomin Shim¹, Chang-Six Ra¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Kangwon National University¹, Bangladesh Agricultural University², Daegu University³

01 Nov 2017-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the principles and concepts involved in biochar production, the factors that affect biochar quality, as well as the applications of biochar can be found.

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Abstract: Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for the conversion of biomass into high-value products such as bio-oil, syngas, and biochar in the absence of oxygen High yield biochar can be produced through torrefaction or slow pyrolysis The efficiency of biochar production from biomass is highly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, type and composition of feedstock, particle size, and reactor conditions Application of biochar to agriculture may have a significant effect on reducing global warming through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the sequestering of atmospheric carbon into soil At the same time, biochar can help improve soil health and fertility, and enhance agricultural production Livestock manure, along with waste-feed residues and bedding materials, is a potential source of biochar This waste emits significant amounts of GHGs adding to global warming and threatening the environment in other ways The environmental challenges caused by agricultural and animal-waste disposal can be reduced by recycling the waste using pyrolysis, into biochar, energy, and value-added products Biochar can act as a sorbent for organic and inorganic contaminants and can efficiently remove these materials from affected waters Contaminant removal is mainly based on the presence of functional groups and charges on the surface of the biochar Thus, biochar can help to improve food security by contributing to sustainable production systems and maintaining an eco-friendly environment This review details the principles and concepts involved in biochar production, the factors that affect biochar quality, as well as the applications of biochar

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429 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Transformation, Morphology, and Dissolution of Silicon and Carbon in Rice Straw-Derived Biochars under Different Pyrolytic Temperatures

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Xin Xiao¹, Baoliang Chen¹, Lizhong Zhu¹•Institutions (1)

Zhejiang University¹

06 Mar 2014-Environmental Science & Technology

TL;DR: A structural relationship betweencarbon and silicon in biochars is proposed to explain the mutual protection between carbon and silicon under different pyrolysis temperatures, which contribute to the broader understanding of biochar chemistry and structure.

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Abstract: Biochars are increasingly recognized as environmentally friendly and cheap remediation agents for soil pollution. The roles of silicon in biochars and interactions between silicon and carbon have been neglected in the literature to date, while the transformation, morphology, and dissolution of silicon in Si-rich biochars remain largely unaddressed. In this study, Si-rich biochars derived from rice straw were prepared under 150-700 °C (named RS150-RS700). The transformation and morphology of carbon and silicon in biochar particles were monitored by FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. With increasing pyrolytic temperature, silicon accumulated, and its speciation changed from amorphous to crystalline matter, while the organic matter evolved from aliphatic to aromatic. For rice straw biomass containing amorphous carbon and amorphous silicon, dehydration (<250 °C) made silicic acid polymerize, resulting in a closer integration of carbon and silicon. At medium pyrolysis temperatures (250-350 °C), an intense cracking of carbon components occurred, and, thus, the silicon located in the inside tissue was exposed. At high pyrolysis temperatures (500-700 °C), the biochar became condensed due to the aromatization of carbon and crystallization of silicon. Correspondingly, the carbon release in water significantly decreased, while the silicon release somewhat decreased and then sharply increased with pyrolytic temperature. Along with SEM-EDX images of biochars before and after water washing, we proposed a structural relationship between carbon and silicon in biochars to explain the mutual protection between carbon and silicon under different pyrolysis temperatures, which contribute to the broader understanding of biochar chemistry and structure. The silicon dissolution kinetics suggests that high Si biochars could serve as a novel slow release source of biologically available Si in low Si agricultural soils.

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382 citations

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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•DOI•

Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.

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P.J. Van Soest¹, J. B. Robertson¹, Betty A. Lewis¹•Institutions (1)

Cornell University¹

01 Oct 1991-Journal of Dairy Science

TL;DR: In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and beta-glucans now are available and are also of interest in rumen fermentation.

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23,302 citations

"Investigation of thermodynamic para..." refers methods in this paper

...The contents of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin in biomass can be determined by NREL method (Sluiter et al., 2008) and Van Soest method (Van Soest et al., 1991)....
[...]
...In this study, the chemical compositions were determined by a modified Van Soest method (Van Soest et al., 1991), which was often used to determine the lignocellulose contents of animal forage and its feces (Van Soest et al., 1991; Hindrichsen et al., 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis

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Haiping Yang¹, Rong Yan², Hanping Chen¹, Dong Ho Lee², Chuguang Zheng¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Huazhong University of Science and Technology¹, Nanyang Technological University²

01 Aug 2007-Fuel

TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.

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5,859 citations

"Investigation of thermodynamic para..." refers background in this paper

...(Yang et al., 2007)....
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...The dramatic decrease in biochar yield was attributed to the drastic pyrolysis of hemicellulose component (Yang et al., 2007)....
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...The weight loss of hemicellulose mainly happened at 220–315 C and at 315–400 C for cellulose (Yang et al., 2007)....
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...Previous studies showed that biomass pyrolysis can be divided into four individual stages: moisture evolution, hemicellulose decomposition, cellulose decomposition and lignin decomposition by thermogravimetric analysis (Mohan et al., 2006; Worasuwannarak et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2007)....
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...H ( 1050 cm 1) (Yang et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2008)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review

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Dinesh Mohan¹, and Charles U. Pittman¹, Philip H. Steele¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Toxicology Research¹

10 Mar 2006-Energy & Fuels

TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.

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Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...

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4,988 citations

"Investigation of thermodynamic para..." refers background in this paper

...Previous studies showed that biomass pyrolysis can be divided into four individual stages: moisture evolution, hemicellulose decomposition, cellulose decomposition and lignin decomposition by thermogravimetric analysis (Mohan et al., 2006; Worasuwannarak et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2007)....
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...Pyrolytic temperature is a vital thermodynamic parameter and has a notable effect on the thermal properties of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)

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Marco Keiluweit¹, Peter S. Nico², Mark Johnson², Markus Kleber²•Institutions (2)

Oregon State University¹, United States Environmental Protection Agency²

25 Jan 2010-Environmental Science & Technology

TL;DR: A molecular-level assessment of the physical organization and chemical complexity of biomass-derived chars and, specifically, that of aromatic carbon in char structures suggests the existence of four distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixture of chemical phases and physical states.

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Abstract: Char black carbon (BC), the solid residue of incomplete combustion, is continuously being added to soils and sediments due to natural vegetation fires, anthropogenic pollution, and new strategies for carbon sequestration (“biochar”). Here we present a molecular-level assessment of the physical organization and chemical complexity of biomass-derived chars and, specifically, that of aromatic carbon in char structures. Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET)−N2 surface area (SA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are used to show how two plant materials (wood and grass) undergo analogous but quantitatively different physical−chemical transitions as charring temperature increases from 100 to 700 °C. These changes suggest the existence of four distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixture of chemical phases and physical states: (i) in transition chars, the crystalline character of the precursor ma...

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2,283 citations

"Investigation of thermodynamic para..." refers background in this paper

...As a relatively simple, inexpensive and robust thermochemical technology, pyrolysis is widely used for transforming biomass into biochar (Lehmann, 2007; Keiluweit et al., 2010)....
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...The structures and properties of biochars highly depend on pyrolysis temperature (Chen et al., 2008; Keiluweit et al., 2010)....
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...The ratio of aliphatic CHx to aromatic C@C ring stretching in the range of 1650–1520 cm 1 generally decreased, which illustrated that biomass pyrolysis was a transitional process from aliphatic composition to aromatic composition (Chen et al., 2008; Keiluweit et al., 2010)....
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...Keiluweit et al. (2010) found that wood and grass underwent analogous physical–chemical transitions, which included four distinct categories of char as charring temperature increased from 100 to 700 C. Chen et al. (2008) observed that the pine needles were gradually converted from amorphous…...
[...]
...As a relatively simple, inexpensive and robust thermochemical technology, pyrolysis is widely used for transforming biomass into biochar (Lehmann, 2007; Keiluweit et al., 2010)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

A handful of carbon

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Johannes Lehmann¹•Institutions (1)

Cornell University¹

10 May 2007-Nature

TL;DR: On the climate change mitigation front, the incorporation of ‘biochar’ into the soil is one idea gaining support, and Johannes Lehmann argues that trapping biomass carbon in this way is more effective than storing it in plants and trees that will one day decompose.

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Abstract: Locking carbon up in soil makes more sense than storing it in plants and trees that eventually decompose, argues Johannes Lehmann. Can this idea work on a large scale? With the rash of IPCC reports in climate much in the news, geoengineering — the deliberate large-scale modification of the environment — is now being taken seriously in scientific and political circles that would previously have scoffed at the notion. Oliver Morton reports on the state of play in the field [News Feature p. 132] On the climate change mitigation front, the incorporation of ‘biochar’ into the soil is one idea gaining support. Johannes Lehmann argues that trapping biomass carbon in this way is more effective than storing it in plants and trees that will one day decompose. The latest IPCC report — round 3 — is covered in the News pages this week.

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2,117 citations