Investigation on Convective Heat Transfer and Flow Features of Nanofluids
01 Feb 2003-Journal of Heat Transfer-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 125, Iss: 1, pp 151-155
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative new class of heat transfer fluids can be engineered by suspending metallic nanoparticles in conventional heat-transfer fluids, which are expected to exhibit high thermal conductivities compared to those of currently used heat transfer fluid, and they represent the best hope for enhancing heat transfer.
Abstract: Low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids that are required in many industrial applications. In this paper we propose that an innovative new class of heat transfer fluids can be engineered by suspending metallic nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids. The resulting {open_quotes}nanofluids{close_quotes} are expected to exhibit high thermal conductivities compared to those of currently used heat transfer fluids, and they represent the best hope for enhancement of heat transfer. The results of a theoretical study of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids with copper nanophase materials are presented, the potential benefits of the fluids are estimated, and it is shown that one of the benefits of nanofluids will be dramatic reductions in heat exchanger pumping power.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base fluid and concluded that only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluids.
Abstract: Nanofluids are engineered colloids made of a base fluid and nanoparticles (1-100 nm) Nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity' and single-phase heat transfer coefficients than their base fluids In particular the heat transfer coefficient increases appear to go beyond the mere thermal-conductivity effect, and cannot be predicted by traditional pure-fluid correlations such as Dittus-Boelter's In the nanofluid literature this behavior is generally attributed to thermal dispersion and intensified turbulence, brought about by nanoparticle motion To test the validity of this assumption, we have considered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base fluid These are inertia, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, diffusioplwresis, Magnus effect, fluid drainage, and gravity We concluded that, of these seven, only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluids Based on this finding, we developed a two-component four-equation nonhomogeneous equilibrium model for mass, momentum, and heat transport in nanofluids A nondimensional analysis of the equations suggests that energy transfer by nanoparticle dispersion is negligible, and thus cannot explain the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases Furthermore, a comparison of the nanoparticle and turbulent eddy time and length scales clearly indicates that the nanoparticles move homogeneously with the fluid in the presence of turbulent eddies so an effect on turbulence intensity is also doubtful Thus, we propose an alternative explanation for the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases: the nanofluid properties may vary significantly within the boundary layer because of the effect of the temperature gradient and thermophoresis For a heated fluid, these effects can result in a significant decrease of viscosity within the boundary layer, thus leading to heat transfer enhancement A correlation structure that captures these effects is proposed
5,329 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersion, where the transport equations are solved numerically using the finite-volume approach along with the alternating direct implicit procedure.
2,560 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a procedure for preparing a nanofluid which is a suspension consisting of nanophase powders and a base liquid, and their TEM photographs are given to illustrate the stability and evenness of suspension.
2,341 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the effective thermal conductivity of mixtures of Al 2O3 and CuO, dispersed in water, vacuum pump, engine oil, and ethylene glycol.
Abstract: Effective thermal conductivity of mixtures of e uids and nanometer-size particles is measured by a steady-state parallel-plate method. The tested e uids contain two types of nanoparticles, Al 2O3 and CuO, dispersed in water, vacuum pump e uid, engine oil, and ethylene glycol. Experimental results show that the thermal conductivities of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures are higher than those of the base e uids. Using theoretical models of effective thermal conductivity of a mixture, we have demonstrated that the predicted thermal conductivities of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures are much lower than our measured data, indicating the dee ciency in the existing models when used for nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures. Possible mechanisms contributing to enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the mixtures are discussed. A more comprehensive theory is needed to fully explain the behavior of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures. Nomenclature cp = specie c heat k = thermal conductivity L = thickness Pe = Peclet number P q = input power to heater 1 r = radius of particle S = cross-sectional area T = temperature U = velocity of particles relative to that of base e uids ® = ratio of thermal conductivity of particle to that of base liquid ¯ = .® i 1/=.® i 2/ ° = shear rate of e ow Ω = density A = volume fraction of particles in e uids Subscripts
2,156 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore four possible explanations for the anomalous thermal conductivity of nanofluids: Brownian motion of the particles, molecular-level layering of the liquid at the liquid/particle interface, the nature of heat transport in the nanoparticles, and the effects of nanoparticle clustering.
2,008 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, an electron diffraction analysis indicated that the particles were oxidized and the main component was Fe 3 O 4, CoO and NiO for Fe, Co and Ni fine particles, respectively.
187 citations
31 Dec 1996
TL;DR: The thermal conductivities of fluids that contain suspended solid metallic particles are significantly enhanced over those of conventional heat transfer fluids as discussed by the authors, which is a limitation for the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluid that are required in many cooling applications.
Abstract: In the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids that are required in many cooling applications, low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation. However, it is well known that at room temperature, metals in solid form have orders-of-magnitude higher thermal conductivities than those of fluids. Therefore, the thermal conductivities of fluids that contain suspended solid metallic particles are expected to be significantly enhanced over those of conventional heat transfer fluids. In fact, numerous theoretical and experimental studies of the effective thermal conductivity of dispersions that contain solid particles have been conducted since Maxwell`s theoretical was published more than 100 years ago. However, all of the studies on thermal conductivity of suspensions have been confined to millimeter- or micrometer-sized particles.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, infrared thermography was used to study the thermal interaction between the particle-laden turbulent flow and a heated plate, and the maximum amplitude of wall temperature fluctuations reached ±40% of the difference between the average wall temperature and the fluid bulk temperature.
128 citations
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73 citations
DOI•
01 May 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a study to develop phase-change slurries as advanced energy transmission fluids were reported, where phase change slurries were used as advanced transmission fluids.
Abstract: Report on the results of a study to develop phase-change slurries as advanced energy transmission fluids.
68 citations