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Journal ArticleDOI

Investigation on flux design for submerged arc welding of high-strength low-alloy steel:

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of flux constituents on tensile strength, percentage elongation, impact strength, diffusible hydrogen content and microstructure of the weld metal was investigated.
Abstract: Fluxes in submerged arc welding of high-strength low-alloy steels are not readily available, flux compositions are not clear and compositions are patented. This study aims at the design, development and optimization of flux for submerged arc welding of high-strength low-alloy steel. Extreme vertices design suggested by McLean and Anderson is used to formulate twenty-one fluxes to study the effect of flux constituents on tensile strength, percentage elongation, impact strength, diffusible hydrogen content and microstructure of the weld metal. Mathematical models for ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation, impact strength and diffusible hydrogen content for welded specimens versus flux constituents have been developed. From the experiments, it is found that tensile strength and elongation are affected the most with Al2O3 content, whereas CaO and CaF2 contents have significant effect on impact strength. Synergic binary effect of CaO·CaF2, CaO·MgO and Al2O3·CaF2 mixtures is more than other binary mi...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the effect of electrode coating ingredients on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, percentage elongation, impact toughness, micro-hardness of the weld metal.

45 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt has been made to optimize the weld bead parameters: weld bead form factor, dilution, microhardness and diffusible hydrogen content for welding of structural pipe steel (API 5L X65 grade).
Abstract: In oil and gas industries, submerged arc welding is the only primarily used process to weld high thickness, large distance structural oil pipes. Welding process parameters play a significant role in determining the quality of a weld joint in submerged arc welding. In the present work, an attempt has been made to optimize the weld bead parameters: weld bead form factor, dilution, microhardness and diffusible hydrogen content for welding of structural pipe steel (API 5L X65 grade) by desirability function approach used by Derringer and Harrington. For design of experiments, response surface methodology had been used. Mathematical models for output responses had been developed in terms of welding parameters and checked for adequacy using t-test and analysis of variance (F-test). It was found that welding current was the most significant parameter controlling all the responses, and arc voltage had increasing effect on all the responses except microhardness.

27 citations


Cites methods from "Investigation on flux design for su..."

  • ...…especially in higher-strength steel welds.11,12 Possible methods to reduce hydrogen-assisted cracking/diffusible hydrogen content are discussed by Jindal et al.13 Bracarense et al.14 measured diffusible hydrogen content in flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) of American Society for Testing and…...

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  • ...Jindal et al.16 used extreme vertices design method to study the effect of flux constituents on diffusible H2 content....

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  • ...From the start of development of welding techniques, hydrogen-assisted/cold cracking remains prevalent issue in almost all of the welding processes especially in higher-strength steel welds.11,12 Possible methods to reduce hydrogen-assisted cracking/diffusible hydrogen content are discussed by Jindal et al.13 Bracarense et al.14 measured diffusible hydrogen content in flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A36 steel....

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  • ...Jindal et al.(16) used extreme vertices design method to study the effect of flux constituents on diffusible H2 content....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, physicochemical and thermophysical properties of TiO2-SiO 2-MgO and SiO2 MgO-Al2O3 based rutile acidic SAW fluxes were studied.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2019-JOM
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical and thermophysical behavior of the electrode coatings produced using CaO-CaF2-SiO2 and CaO -SiO 2-Al2O3 ternary phase systems were investigated.
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the physicochemical and thermophysical behavior of the electrode coatings produced using CaO-CaF2-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary phase systems. Electrode coating compositions for welding power plant materials are either patented or not available in the public domain so researchers need to explore the flux coatings to improve the properties of welds produced. An extreme vertices design methodology was used to obtain the different flux combinations to study the effect of electrode coating constituents on weight loss, density, specific heat, change in enthalpy, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. These properties play an important role in achieving better weld quality. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the different phases present and their structural behavior. Multi-response optimization was carried out to obtain the optimum flux composition and study the effect of individual constituents and their interaction effects on the thermophysical and physicochemical properties.

26 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical and thermo-physical properties of CaO-CaF2-SiO2 and CaO−TiO2-O2 based electrode coating for welding offshore structures were investigated.

25 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of conditions that will result in a product with a desirable combination of properties, which is a problem facing the product development community in general.
Abstract: A problem facing the product development community is the selection of a set of conditions which will result in a product with a desirable combination of properties. This essentially is a problem i...

4,109 citations


"Investigation on flux design for su..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...These properties have been optimized simultaneously using composite desirability optimization method proposed by Derringer and Suich.(33) This method makes use of an objective function D(x), called desirability function, which transforms an estimated response into a value called desirability....

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Journal Article

520 citations


"Investigation on flux design for su..." refers background in this paper

  • ...If the output response variable y increases with the regression coefficient bij positive, then the excess is called the synergism of the binary mixture, whereas if the output response variable y decreases with the regression coefficient bij positive, then the decrease is called the antisynergism of the binary mixture and vice versa.(21) Hence, the positive and negative values of the regression coefficient, bij, define synergism and antisynergism of the binary mixtures, respectively....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a four-factor five-level central composite rotatable design matrix with full replication for planning, conduction, execution and development of mathematical models is proposed for predicting the weld bead quality and selecting optimum process parameters for achieving the desired quality and process optimization.

502 citations

Book
01 Feb 1974
TL;DR: A review of some basic statistical concepts some intermediate data analysis concepts A Scientific Approach to Experimentation Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) Nested (Hierarchical) and Nested Factorial Designs Split Plot Type Design Latin Square Type Designs 2n Factorial Experiments (Complete and Incomplete Blocks) Fractional Factorial Experimentations for Two-Leveled Factors Three-Level Factorial Experience (FFE) Mixed FactorialExperiments and Other Incomplete Block Designs Response Surface Exploration Appendices
Abstract: Review of Some Basic Statistical Concepts Some Intermediate Data Analysis Concepts A Scientific Approach to Experimentation Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) Nested (Hierarchical) and Nested Factorial Designs Split Plot Type Design Latin Square Type Designs 2n Factorial Experiments (Complete and Incomplete Blocks) Fractional Factorial Experiments for Two-Leveled Factors Three-Level Factorial Experiments Mixed Factorial Experiments and Other Incomplete Block Designs Response Surface Exploration Appendices

429 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Modified desirability functions that are everywhere differentiable are presented so that more efficient gradient-based optimization methods can be used instead of search methods to optimize the overall desIRability response.
Abstract: Desirability functions have been used extensively to simultaneously optimize several responses. Since the original formulation of these functions contains non-differentiable points, only search methods can be used to optimize the overall desirability response. Furthermore, all responses are treated as equally important. We present modified desirability functions that are everywhere differentiable so that more efficient gradient-based optimization methods can be used instead. The proposed functions have the extra flexibility of allowing the analyst to assign different priorities among the responses. The methodology is applied to a wire bonding process that occurs in semiconductor manufacturing, an industrial process where multiple responses are common.

356 citations