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Journal Article

Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Domestic Buffalo and Cattle from Haryana, India.

01 Aug 2014-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 2, Iss: 4, pp 99-104
TL;DR: Halomma anatolicum anatolicUM and Rhipicephalus (Boophlilus) microplus are the most common vector species infesting buffalo and cattle in this state and the seasonal epidemiology of ticks and the associated management practices to adopt are discussed.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the diversity and intensity of hard tick species infesting domestic buffalo and cattle from Haryana, India. A total of 17 collections were performed from 10 allopatric populations during the study period of August 2011 to January 2013. Out of a total number of 662 animals surveyed, 309 animals were found infested with ticks from three different genera of family Ixodidae and a total of 867 ticks were collected and identified. The genera recorded were Hyalomma Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 and Dermacentor Koch, 1844. Tick species identified of the three genera were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, 1844, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Dermacentor spp. The present study revealed that Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophlilus) microplus are the most common vector species infesting buffalo and cattle in this state. The level of infestation, the seasonal epidemiology of ticks and the associated management practices to adopt are discussed.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Absence of rural poultry, not performing acaricide treatments, traditional rural housing systems and grazing were important risk factors associated with higher tick prevalence in livestock farms, and age, gender, breed and animal species significantly affected the intensity of tick infestation.
Abstract: Tick infestation is the major problem for animal health that causes substantial economic losses, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. To better understand the spatial distribution of tick species and risk factors associated with tick prevalence in livestock in Pakistan, ticks were counted and collected from 471 animals, including 179 cattle, 194 buffaloes, 80 goats and 18 sheep, on 108 livestock farms in nine districts, covering both semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones. In total, 3,807 ticks representing four species were collected: Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 3,021), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 715), Hyalomma dromedarii (n = 41) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (n = 30). The latter species is reported for the first time from the study area. Rhipicephalus microplus was the predominant species in the semi-arid zone, whereas H. anatolicum was the most abundant species in the arid zone. The overall proportion of tick-infested ruminants was 78.3% (369/471). It was highest in cattle (89.9%), followed by buffaloes (81.4%), goats (60.0%) and sheep (11.1%). The median tick burden significantly differed among animal species and was highest in cattle (median 58), followed by buffaloes (median 38), goats (median 19) and sheep (median 4.5). Female animals had significantly higher tick burdens than males and, in large ruminants, older animals carried more ticks than younger animals. The intensity of infestation was significantly lower in indigenous animals compared to exotic and crossbred cows. Analysis of questionnaire data revealed that the absence of rural poultry, not using any acaricides, traditional rural housing systems and grazing were potential risk factors associated with a higher tick prevalence in livestock farms. Absence of rural poultry, not performing acaricide treatments, traditional rural housing systems and grazing were important risk factors associated with higher tick prevalence in livestock farms. Age, gender, breed and animal species significantly affected the intensity of tick infestation. This report also describes the presence of R. turanicus in the Punjab Province of Pakistan for the first time. The outcomes of this study will be useful in the planning of integrated control strategies for ticks and tick-borne diseases in Pakistan.

112 citations


Cites background or result from "Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..."

  • ...The Punjabi R. microplus, whose cox1 gene we sequenced, showed the highest identity to a R. microplus cox1 sequence from Malaysia (KM246868), referred to as haplotype 17 in [36], suggesting that it belongs to clade C of the R. microplus complex, which also comprises ticks from India and Malaysia....

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  • ...Three of them (KSR, BWP and OKR) are adjacent to India, and two (ATK and RYK) are important livestock trade zones, which connect the northern part of the country with the southern part....

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  • ...A report from Europe concluded that Rhipicephalus sp. III from Pakistan and India were morphologically and genetically similar to, but still different from, R. turanicus [42]....

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  • ...anatolicum was the most abundant tick species found in this study, which agrees with previous studies from Pakistan [26, 31] and bordering countries as well [32, 33]....

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  • ...Nevertheless, it has been identified on domestic ruminants in neighbouring countries, namely Iran [32], India [33], Bangladesh [40] and China [41]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Method for approximate estimation is first time described and elaborated in the present review article, which can be accrued by taking into account several criteria such as percent prevalence of vectors in a geographical area, percent losses produced, total livestock population, and current prices of livestock products.
Abstract: Broadly, species of arthropods infesting livestock are grouped into flies (biting and non-biting), fleas, lice (biting and sucking), ticks (soft and hard), and mites (burrowing, non-burrowing, and follicular). Among which, biting and non-biting flies and ticks are the potent vectors for many bacterial, viral, rickettsial, and protozoan diseases. Vectors of livestock are having economic significance on three points (1) direct losses from their bite and annoyance, worries, and psychological disturbances produced during the act of biting and feeding, (2) diseases they transmit, and (3) expenditure incurred for their control. Flies such as Culicoides spp. and Musca spp. and various species of hard ticks play important role in disease transmission in addition to their direct effects. For control of vectors, recent concept of integrated pest management (IPM) provides the best solution and also addresses the problems related to acaricide resistance and environmental protection from hazardous chemicals. However, to successfully implement the concept of IPM, for each vector species, estimation of two monitory benchmarks, i.e., economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL) is essential prerequisite. For many vector species and under several circumstances, estimation of EIL and ETL appears to be difficult. Under such scenario, although may not be exact, an approximate estimate can be accrued by taking into account several criteria such as percent prevalence of vectors in a geographical area, percent losses produced, total livestock population, and current prices of livestock products such as milk, meat, and wool. Method for approximate estimation is first time described and elaborated in the present review article.

52 citations


Cites background from "Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..."

  • ...By taking example cited in Table-2 [20,21,23,26,34-46], above formula can be well explained....

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  • ...By taking example cited in Table-2 [20,21,23,26,34-46], above formula can be well explained....

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  • ...Table-2: Projected economic losses from important vectors-cum-pests of livestock in India....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2020-Heliyon
TL;DR: The present review is focused on impact of Hyalomma species infestation on human and animal health with special emphasis on progress on its sustainable management.

34 citations


Cites background from "Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..."

  • ...The direct effect of tick infestations on hosts includes pyemia, toxicosis and paralysis which cause a cumulative projected loss of about US $ 500 million annually (Minjauw and Mc Leod, 2003; Chhillar et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This investigation provides the first genetic evidence of the occurrence of R. annulatus in Pakistan as well as Hy.

22 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hard tick infestations in cattle of West Bengal from July 2015 to June 2016, and the authors found that hard tick prevalence was stud...
Abstract: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hard tick infestations in cattle of West Bengal from July 2015 to June 2016. The prevalence of hard tick infestations was stud...

19 citations


Cites result from "Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..."

  • ...The findings of this study were in agreement with earlier reports from different parts of India and abroad (Rony et al. 2010; Nonga et al. 2012; Chhillar et al. 2014; Kaur et al. 2015)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data.
Abstract: Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses. Approximately 10% of the currently known 867 tick species act as vectors of a broad range of pathogens of domestic animals and humans and are also responsible for damage directly due to their feeding behaviour. The most important tick species and the effects they cause are listed. The impact on the global economy is considered to be high and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data. The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on animal production and public health and their control are discussed.

1,623 citations


"Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Introduction In the developing world domestic animals play a major role as source of energy, food, raw material and manure for the primarily rural farmers [1]....

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01 Jan 2003

1,210 citations


"Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It has been reported to be the principal vector of Theileria annulata causing bovine tropical theileriosis and is also incriminated for transmission of equine babesiosis and at least four arboviruses [23]....

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  • ...Results After detailed microscopic examination and comparison of photographs with the identification keys available for the purpose [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] three genera of hard ticks were recorded from the state of Haryana during the present study viz....

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  • ...In parts of Europe, Asia and Africa it is a reported vector of Rickettsia conorii, known locally as Mediterranean spotted fever, boutonneuse fever, or tick typhus and it is also incriminated to cause ehrlichiosis and babesiosis [23, 26, 27]....

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  • ...bovis causing babesiosis and Anaplasma marginale causing anaplasmosis [23]....

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  • ...It is incriminated in transmission of Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale [23]....

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Book
01 Jan 2002

629 citations


"Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In India alone TTBD’s have been implicated to cause projected loss of about $500 million annually [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]....

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  • ...[6] ranks prominent the burden of tick and tick borne diseases (TTBD’s) for the continued subsistence of rural agricultural communities....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most widespread tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans, including the possible impact of current climate changes on populations of this tick around the world.
Abstract: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most widespread tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. This tick can be found on dogs living in both urban and rural areas, being highly adapted to live within human dwellings and being active throughout the year not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in some temperate areas. Depending on factors such as climate and host availability, Rh. sanguineus can complete up to four generations per year. Recent studies have demonstrated that ticks exposed to high temperatures attach and feed on humans and rabbits more rapidly. This observation suggests that the risk of human parasitism by Rh. sanguineus could increase in areas experiencing warmer and/or longer summers, consequently increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents (e.g., Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia rickettsii). In the present article, some aspects of the biology and ecology of Rh. sanguineus ticks are discussed including the possible impact of current climate changes on populations of this tick around the world.

469 citations


"Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In parts of Europe, Asia and Africa it is a reported vector of Rickettsia conorii, known locally as Mediterranean spotted fever, boutonneuse fever, or tick typhus and it is also incriminated to cause ehrlichiosis and babesiosis [23, 26, 27]....

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Journal ArticleDOI

367 citations


"Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Ticks belonging to family Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodida) are obligate haematophagus ectoparasites of humans and their cultivated animals and their parasitization of livestock results in reduced milk production, reduced weight, and transmission of pathogens like parasitic protozoa - Babesia, Theileria, Anaplasma, Rickettsia bacteria like Ehrlichia and arboviruses thus acting as an impediment to the growth of the livestock industry [3, 4, 5]....

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