Investigations on the addition of styrene butadiene rubber in natural rubber and dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber blends
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as a viscosity modifier in novel blends of natural rubber (NR) and dichlorocarbene modified SBR (DCSBR) was examined in order to analyse the influence of SBR in the blends.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the use of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as a viscosity modifier in novel blends of natural rubber (NR) and dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber (DCSBR) The processing characteristics, vulcanisation kinetics, stress-strain behaviour, mechanical properties and low temperature transition of the blends have been examined in order to analyse the influence of SBR in the blends The change in cross-link density values from stress strain behaviour and equilibrium swelling data has been correlated with the technological properties of the blends The excellent mechanical properties and the increased cross-link density in blends in the presence of 5—10 phr of styrene butadiene rubber reveals the viscosity modifying action of SBR in NR/DCSBR blends The variation in viscosities of these blends with the addition of SBR is reflected in the DSC thermograms The resulting blends show very high resistance to thermal ageing as compared to those without SBR
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02 Jun 2017
TL;DR: The interaction between nanoparticles and the elastomer was clear from the shift in peaks of UV and FTIR XRD and SEM analysis showed the uniform arrangement of nanoparticles in SBR matrix Glass transition temperature, thermal stability and dielectric properties of composites were enhanced by the addition of nano-tungstate nanoparticles Sorption studies of nanocomposites were done in aromatic solvents at different temperature.
Abstract: Nanocomposites based on SBR with different content of manganous tungstate nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TGA, DSC and impedance analysis The interaction between nanoparticles and the elastomer was clear from the shift in peaks of UV and FTIR XRD and SEM analysis showed the uniform arrangement of nanoparticles in SBR matrix Glass transition temperature, thermal stability and dielectric properties of composites were enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles Sorption studies of nanocomposites were done in aromatic solvents at different temperature Sorption data obtained were used to estimate the thermodynamic properties
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main factors have been studied, such as the dosage of isolation agent and coagulation agent, pH and water binder ratio of condensed system, environment-friendly antiaging agent, temperature and stirring speed.
Abstract: To prepare carbon black masterbatch powder rubber, the process of direct agglomerate powderzation has been used. Then the main factors have been studied, such as the dosage of isolation agent and coagulation agent, pH and water binder ratio of condensed system, environment-friendly antiaging agent, temperature and stirring speed. The results show that the best operational condition is as following: the appropriate dosage of isolation agent is 2.0~3.0, and the dosage of coagulation agent is 12, antiaging agent dosage is 0.3, system PH >7, water binder ratio is between 5:1 and 7:1, temperature is 30~50°C and stirring speed is 500~700 r/min.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dichlorocarbene modified butadiene rubber (DCBR) was prepared via the addition of the dichloromethane group in the presence of two phase transfer agents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetraethylammium chloride) and the effects of the reaction temperature and time, amount of dichloroxarbene precursor, and the type and amount of phase transfer agent on the chlorine content were investigated.
Abstract: Dichlorocarbene modified butadiene rubber (DCBR) was prepared via the addition of the dichlorocarbene group in the presence of 2 phase transfer agents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetraethylammonium chloride). The effects of the reaction temperature and time, amount of dichlorocarbene precursor, and the type and amount of phase transfer agent on the chlorine content were investigated. The highest chlorine content (30%) in DCBR was obtained using 0.062 mol chloroform and 0.003 mol cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at room temperature for 19 hours although 27.9% was obtained after 12 hours. The kinetics of this dichlorocarbene modification was best described by the pseudo–first order rate law with 2 rate constants. For practical applications, the DCBR with chlorine contents of 10%, 20%, or 30% were blended with natural rubber (NR) and then vulcanized using the sulfur-curing system. Although the polarity of DCBR was increased, a good compatibility between NR and DCBR still existed, resulting in improved mechanical properties. The oil resistance, flame retardant, and ozone resistance properties of the NR/DCBR blend vulcanizates were enhanced compared to those of a NR/butadiene rubber blend vulcanizate, which was related to the amount of chlorine incorporated into the DCBR.
1 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: In this article, mixed antioxidants composed of antioxidant N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-pphenylenediamine (IPPD) and lanthanum (La) complex were added as a filler to prepare natural rubber (NR) composites.
Abstract: Mixed antioxidants composed of antioxidant N-phenyl-N’-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) and lanthanum (La) complex were added as a filler to prepare natural rubber (NR) composites. By mechanical testing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, a string of data, including the mechanical properties, the variation of chemical surface characterization, and the thermo-oxidative decomposition kinetics parameters, was presented in this article to study the antioxidant effect of the mixed antioxidants in NR. The density function theoretical calculations were also used as an assistant to study the thermo-oxidative aging mechanism of NR and the different function mechanisms of antioxidants IPPD and La complex. The data revealed that except for functioning as a labile-hydrogen doner which was similar to antioxidant IPPD, this La complex had strong coordination abilities and large coordination numbers, resulting in the high efficiency in enhancing the thermal-oxidative stability of NR. Introduction Natural rubber (NR) is widely applied in many fields due to its excellent properties. But it is easily attacked by oxygen, especially under thermal condition. The thermal-oxidative aging of NR will lead to the deterioration of its properties[1]. Thus, the thermal-oxidative stability is essential for the processing and applications of NR. So far, adding antioxidants has been found to be one of the most convenient methods to retard or prevent the thermal-oxidative aging of rubbers[2]. Recent studies have found that coordination compounds composed of rare earth metals and certain organic compounds containing O, S and N atoms could exert excellent long-term protective effect on the thermal oxidation process of rubbers[3,4]. The thermal-oxidative aging of NR follows an autocatalytic, free radical chain reaction mechanism[3]. With shell structure like 4f0-145d0-106s2, lanthanide series rare earth ions, whose atom numbers are from 57 to 71, have long atom radius and a large quantity of unoccupied orbits, resulting in strong abilities in scavenging free radicals generated in the thermal-oxidative process[5]. This study made a comparative study of thermal-oxidative stability for two NR samples—one with the antioxidant N-phenyl-N’-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) and the other with the combination of antioxidant IPPD and lanthanum (La) complex. The combination of experiments and simulations clarified the variations of properties and structures, and the corresponding function mechanisms of antioxidants IPPD and La complex.
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References
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01 Jan 1936
TL;DR: Hildebrand's book is an exception as mentioned in this paper, since the reviewer has taken the opportunity to renew his acquaintance with the earlier as well as the later text, and has found this to be a most interesting experience, since the book is full of matter which is not dealt with adequately in the ordinary text-books of physical chemistry.
Abstract: AbstractIT is not often that a reviewer, who has read through the first edition of a book, finds it worth while to do more than glance through a second edition, in order to discover and review the new sections that have been introduced. Prof. Hildebrand's book is an exception, since the reviewer has taken the opportunity to renew his acquaintance with the earlier as well as the later text, and has found this to be a most interesting experience, since the book is full of matter which is not dealt with adequately (and indeed appears to have been largely overlooked) in the ordinary text-books of physical chemistry.Solubility of Non-Electrolytes
By Prof. Joel H. Hildebrand. (American Chemical Society Monograph Series, No. 17.) Second edition. Pp. 203. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1936.) 22s. 6d. net.
1,084 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the observed morphology of the melt-blended polyethylene/polystyrene pair unambiguously supports the interfacial activity of poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-styrene) copolymers.
Abstract: As investigated by optical and electron microscopy, the observed morphology of the meltblended polyethylene/polystyrene pair unambiguously supports the interfacial activity of poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-styrene) copolymers. The phase size is significantly reduced, the interfacial adhesion is dramatically increased and the phase dispersion is firmly stabilized against coalescence during subsequent processing. Diblock copolymers with a balanced composition are the most efficient interfacial agents in such an extent that only small amounts (1–2 wt.-%) are required to obtain homogeneous and stable phase dispersions. The emulsification concept applied to melt-blended immiscible polymers appears to be a powerful technique to prepare valuable polymer alloys.
167 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the results of the most important of these experimental studies, particularly in regard to the effect of experimental variables on 2C1 and 2C2 can be found in this paper.
Abstract: There has been a very large number of experimental studies of the elastic properties of amorphous polymer networks in uniaxial deformation, particularly elongation, over the past few decades. In spite of these efforts, and related theoretical investigations, major questions remain unanswered with regard to stress-strain isotherms over the range of moderate deformations. The major question in this area is the molecular basis or interpretation of the phenomenological constants 2C1 and 2C2 used to represent the experimentally observed isotherms. It is hoped that the present survey of the results of the most important of these experimental studies, particularly in regard to the effect of experimental variables on 2C1 and 2C2 will encourage additional work, leading to an unambiguous solution to this important unsolved problem in the area of rubberlike elasticity.
151 citations
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a number of techniques for studying polymer blends, including pulsed-induction critical scattering (PICF) and X-ray scattering (X-Ray Scattering).
Abstract: 1. Thermodynamic Theory and Experimental Techniques for Polymer Blends.- 2. Glass Transitions and Compatibility Phase Behavior in Copolymer Containing Blends.- 3. Microscopy and other Methods of Studying Blends.- 4. Preparation of Blends.- 5. Light, Neutron and X-Ray Scattering Techniques for Studying Polymer Blends.- 6. Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria in Polymer Blends.- 7. Polymer Blend Modification of PVC.- 8. Synthesis of Block and Graft Copolymers.- 9. Block Copolymers Morphological and Physical Properties.- 10. Colloidal Behaviour and Surface Activity of Block Copolymers.- 11. Relationships between Morphology, Structure, Composition and Properties in Isotactic Polypropylene Based Blends.- 12. Rubber-Rubber Blends.- 13. Pure and Applied Research on Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related Materials.- 14. Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Blends and Mixtures and the Use of the J Method.- 15. Crazing and Cracking in Glassy Homopolymers.- 16. The Mechanical Properties of Homogeneous Glassy Polymer Blends.- 17. Mechanical Properties of High-Impact Polymers.- 18. Fatigue of High-Impact Polymers.- 19. Yielding and Failure Criteria for Rubber Modified Polymers, Part 1.- 20. Yielding and Failure Criteria for Rubber Modified Polymers, Part 2.- 21. Multiphase Thermosetting Polymers.- 22. Processing and Phase Morphology of Incompatible Polymer Blends.- Seminars.- 1. Pulse-Induced Critical Scattering.- 2. Phase Separation in Polymer Blends.- 3. Thermodynamics of Compatibility in Binary Polymeric Mixtures.- 4. PVC Blending Resins: Properties and Appllications.- 5. Block Copolymers as Homogenizing Agents in Blends of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers.- 6. Study of Copolymer-Homopolymer Blends.- 7. Rubber-Plastics Blends.- 8. Isotactic Polypropylene/Rubber Blends: Effect of Crystallization Conditions and Composition on Properties.- 9. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber and Polyolefin Polymer Blends: Present Situation and Future Trends.
150 citations
TL;DR: The viscoelastic properties of various crosslinked natural rubbers, NR, were investigated by mechanical spectroscopy as mentioned in this paper, and the glass transition temperature, Tg, was found to be dependent on both the crosslink density and crosslink type.
Abstract: The viscoelastic properties of various crosslinked natural rubbers, NR, were investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature, Tg, was found to be dependent on both the crosslink density and the crosslink type. Higher values of Tg were obtained for sulfur-crosslinked NR than for peroxide-crosslinked NR at the same crosslink density. The greater influence of the sulfur content on Tg may be attributed to polysulfidic crosslinks and cyclic sulfide structures favored at high sulfur contents. Sulfur-vulcanized NRs with monosulfidic crosslinks, favored at relatively high accelerator/sulfur ratios, have properties more similar to the peroxide-cured NR with simple carbon(SINGLE BOND)carbon crosslinks covalent bonds, resulting in only small shifts in Tg. A qualitative analysis of monosulfidic crosslinks and polysulfidic structures was performed with 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The storage modulus, E′, in the rubbery plateau region increased with increasing crosslink density. However, the crosslink type did not influence the moduli values as much as it influenced the Tg values. Different methods of detecting the crosslink density were also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
103 citations