International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 159 – No 8, February 2017
7
IOT based Smart Irrigation System
Srishti Rawal
Department of Computer Science,
VIT University
ABSTRACT
Automation of farm activities can transform agricultural
domain from being manual and static to intelligent and
dynamic leading to higher production with lesser human
supervision. This paper proposes an automated irrigation
system which monitors and maintains the desired soil
moisture content via automatic watering. Microcontroller
ATMEGA328P on arduino uno platform is used to implement
the control unit. The setup uses soil moisture sensors which
measure the exact moisture level in soil. This value enables
the system to use appropriate quantity of water which avoids
over/under irrigation. IOT is used to keep the farmers updated
about the status of sprinklers. Information from the sensors is
regularly updated on a webpage using GSM-GPRS SIM900A
modem through which a farmer can check whether the water
sprinklers are ON/OFF at any given time. Also, the sensor
readings are transmitted to a Thing speak channel to generate
graphs for analysis.
Keywords
Automation, Microcontroller, Arduino Uno, IOT, GSM-
GPRS SIM900A, Thing speak.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the unquestionably the largest livelihood
provider in India. With rising population, there is a need for
increased agricultural production. In order to support greater
production in farms, the requirement of the amount of fresh
water used in irrigation also rises. Currently, agriculture
accounts 83% of the total water consumption in India [1].
Unplanned use of water inadvertently results in wastage of
water. This suggests that there is an urgent need to
developsystems that prevent water wastage without imposing
pressure on farmers.
Over the past 15 years, farmers started using computers and
software systems to organize their financial data and keep
track of their transactions with third parties and also monitor
their crops more effectively [2]. In the Internet era, where
information plays a key role in people's lives, agriculture is
rapidly becoming a very data intensive industry where farmers
need to collect and evaluate a huge amount of information
from a diverse number of devices (eg., sensors, faming
machinery etc.) in order to become more efficient in
production and communicating appropriate information [3].
With the advent of open source Arduino boards along with
cheap moisture sensors, it is viable to create devices that can
monitor the soil moisture content and accordingly irrigating
the fields or the landscape as an when needed. The proposed
system makes use of microcontroller ATMEGA328P on
arduino uno platform and IOT which enable farmers to
remotely monitor the status of sprinklers installed on the farm
by knowing the sensor values thereby, making the farmers'
work much easier as they can concentrate on other farm
activities.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In A Remote Measurement and Control System for
Greenhouse Based on GSM-SMS [4] the proposed system
introduced a GSM-SMS remote measurement and control
system for greenhouse based on PC-based database system
connected with base station. Base station is developed by
using a microcontroller, GSM module, sensors and actuators.
In practical operation, the central station receives and sends
messages through GSM module. Criterion value of parameters
to be measured in every base station is set by central station,
and then in base stations parameters including the air
temperature, the air humidity.
Indu et al. (2013) [5] mainly focuses on reviews in the field of
remote monitoring and control, the technology used and their
potential advantages. The paper proposes an innovative
GSM/Bluetooth based remote controlled embedded system for
irrigation. The system sets the irrigation time depending on
the temperature and humidity reading from sensors and type
of crop and can automatically irrigate the field when
unattended. Information is exchanged between far end and
designed system via SMS on GSM network. A Bluetooth
module is also interfaced with the main microcontroller chip
which eliminates the SMS charges when the user is within the
limited range of few meters to the designated system. The
system informs users about many conditions like status of
electricity, dry running motor, increased temperature, water
content in soil and smoke via SMS on GSM network or by
Bluetooth.
In [6], R.Suresh et al. (2014) mentioned about using automatic
microcontroller based rain gun irrigation system in which the
irrigation will take place only when there will be intense
requirement of water that save a large quantity of water.
These systems bring a change to management of field
resource where they developed a software stack called
Android is used for devices that include an operating system,
middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides
the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications
on the Android platform using the Java programming
language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part
of us serving multiple needs of humans. This application
makes use of the GPRS feature of mobile phone as a solution
for irrigation control system. These system covered lower
range of agriculture land and not economically affordable.
In IOT SMS alarm system based on SIM900A [7], an IOT
alarm system based on SIM900A module of SIMCOM
Company was designed for greenhouse. The system can
gather environmental parameters such as air temperature and
air humidity. Meanwhile, with the use of AT command, this
system can also realize SMS automatic sending and receiving,
environmental parameters overrun alarm and insufficient
balance alarm. Through the system setting, the alarm message
can be sent to the user-specified mobile phone automatically
no matter what the users' location is. This system as a typical
application of IOT in the agriculture has got some
satisfactory results in the actual operation.
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 159 – No 8, February 2017
8
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The system is a combination of hardware and software
components. The hardware part consists of embedded system
and software is the webpage designed using PHP. The
webpage is hosted online and consists of a database in which
readings from sensors are inserted using the hardware.
Figure 1: Overall Engineering Design
3.1 Moisture Sensing Section
Two YL-69 soil moisture sensors along with LM393
comparator modules were placed in different soil conditions
for analysis. The sensor YL-69 is made up of two electrodes.
It reads the moisture content around it. A current is passed
across the electrodes through the soil and the resistance to the
current in the soil determines the soil moisture. If the soil has
more water resistance will be low and thus more current will
pass through.
On the other hand when the soil moisture is low the sensor
module outputs a high level of resistance. This sensor has
both digital and analogue outputs. Digital output is simple to
use but is not as accurate as the analogue output. Since the
Atmega 328P-PU microcontroller used for the Arduino Uno
contains an onboard 10-bit 6-channel analog-to-digital (A/D)
converter, the analog input pin of Arduino can read analog
signals being sent from the sensor and return binary integers
from 0 to 1023. Greater amount of output implies lesser
moisture content.
Figure 2 : Soil Moisture Sensing Unit
3.2 Control Section
Information from the sensors is transmitted to the arduino
board. The arduino board consists of microcontroller
ATMEGA328P which is responsible for controlling the
switching on/off of the motor on which water sprinklers can
be attached. Sensor values from arduino are transmitted to the
GSM-GPRS SIM900A modem. A sim with 3G data pack is
inserted into this modem which provide IOT features to the
system. Values are further transmitted IOT section through
the modem.
The GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad
bandSIM900A GSM modem for direct and easy integration to
RS232 applications. It Supports features like Voice, SMS,
Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack. The tx and rx
pins from arduino are connected to the rx and tx of GSM
modem respectively.
3.3 IOT Section
This section comprises of a webpage which displays the
current water sprinkler status i.e. on or off and a button which
redirects the user to a thing speak page which graphically
depicts the sensor values.
Figure 3: Webpage showing sprinkler and soil moisture
status
4. METHODOLOGY
Water sprinkler control was achieved by setting a threshold
value at which irrigation should begin. When the sensors
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 159 – No 8, February 2017
9
detect moisture content before the threshold, the sprinklers are
switched on till the soil is completely moist. Figure 5 shows
the flow chart of the system.
Figure 4 : Flow chart of the system
The hardware device comprises of moisture sensors, Arduino
Uno and GSMGPRS SIM900A modem. The GSM modem is
primary responsible for transmitting the data obtained from
arduino to internet. This is done using AT commands which
are depicted in the following table.
Table 1 : AT Commands
Command
Meaning
AT+CSQ
Signal Quality Check
AT+CGATT
Attach or Detach
from GPRS support
AT+SAPBR=
3,1,\''CONTYPE\'',\''GPRS\''
Setting the SAPBR
connection type to
GPRS
AT+SAPBR=
3,1,\''APN\'',\''airtel.gprs.com\''
Setting the APN
string
AT+SAPBR=1,1
Setting the SAPBR
AT+HTTPPARA=\''URL\'',
\''http://smartfarmsiot.orgfree.com
\''
Setting the httppara,
website which needs
to be accessed
AT+HTTPACTION=0
Submit the request
AT+CIPSEND
Request initiation of
data sending
The information from sensors is transmitted to an online
database from where it is used to display on a website. The
webpage displays the moisture content in soil which has been
divided into two categories : Low and High. Pump is to be
switched on when the moisture content is low. The threshold
values depend on the type of soil used.
Readings from the two sensors were also transmitted to a
THINGSPEAK channel to obtain graphs. ThingSpeak is an
open data platform and API for the Internet of Things that
enables you to collect, store, analyze, visualize, and act on
data from sensors or actuators, such as Arduino.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The values obtained through sensors enable the system to
switch the sprinkler on and off. A farmer can remotely
monitor the irrigation process on the farm. Hence, the system
contributed in making a smart farm. Table 2 depicts the
readings of the two YL-69 soil moisture sensors taken over a
period of one hour.
Table 2 depicts readings from two YL-69 soil moisture
sensors one of which was inserted in over irrigated soil and
the other in soil with initial moisture content 79% . The
readings were taken over a period of one hour to observe the
rate at which moisture content in soil is reducing when the
sprinklers are off. These readings are transmitted to the
website and thingspeak channel. Figure 5 and 6 display the
graphs plotted.
Table 2 : Sensor Readings
Time (IST)
Sensor A(%)
Sensor B(%)
15:53:21
79
100
16:00:22
74
100
16:11:23
70
100
16:16:44
69
100
16:30:05
67
100
16:34:45
66
100
16:43:06
65
98
16:48:07
65
97
16:56:08
64
95
16:59:48
63
93
17:00:08
63
93
17:05:49
62
92
It can be observed from the graphs that moisture content of
over irrigated soil takes longer period to reduce by 10% as
compared to the moisture content of soil which is initially
79% moist. Thus, the curve for sensor A is a continuously
decreasing curve as the moisture reduces as time passes. For
sensor B the moisture value initially is 100%. The readings
depict that sensor was in an over irrigated soil at the
beginning. In our system possibility of over irrigation is
avoided by turning the water sprinklers off as soon as the
sensor reading is 100%.
Webpage
Arduino Uno
Analogue value of
moisture content from soil
GSM GPRS
SIM900A modem
Thingspeak Cloud
Server
Online database for
the webpage
Sensor resistance
values
Moisture content
range (low or high)
Moisture content
value (%)
Graphs
YL-69 soil
moisture sensor
Webpage
Moisture content
range and pump status
Moisture
content (%)
Moisture
content (%)
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 159 – No 8, February 2017
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Figure 5. Graph of Sensor A : Inserted in initially 79%
moist soil
Figure 6. Graph of Sensor B: Inserted in over irrigated
soil
6. CONCLUSION
A system to monitor moisture levels in the soil was designed
and the project provided an opportunity to study the existing
systems, along with their features and drawbacks. The
proposed system can be used to switch on/off the water
sprinkler according to soil moisture levels thereby automating
the process of irrigation which is one of the most time
consuming activities in farming. Agriculture is one of the
most water-consuming activities. The system uses
information from soil moisture sensors to irrigate soil which
helps to prevent over irrigation or under irrigation of soil
thereby avoiding crop damage. The farm owner can monitor
the process online through a website. Through this project it
can be concluded that there can be considerable development
in farming with the use of IOT and automation. Thus, the
system is a potential solution to the problems faced in the
existing manual and cumbersome process of irrigation by
enabling efficient utilization of water resources.
6.1 Further Work
To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the system, the
following recommendations can be put into consideration.
Option of controlling the water pump can be given to the
farmer i.e. he can switch on/off the pump in order to start/stop
the process of irrigation without being present at the farm.
The farmer may choose to stop the growth of crops or the
crops may get damaged due to adverse weather conditions. In
such cases farmer may need to stop the system remotely. The
idea of using IOT for irrigation can be extended further to
other activities in farming such as cattle management, fire
detection and climate control. This would minimalize human
intervention in farming activities.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my guide Prof Sajidha SA who
supported me through the different phases of the project.
Also, I am grateful to VIT University for providing me the
resources which led to successful implementation of the
project.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Dr. Narayan G. Hegde, “Water Scarcity and Security in
India”, BAIF Development ReseachFoundation, Pune.
[2]Marvin T. Batte, “Changing computer use in agriculture:
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2005
[3] Csótó, Magyar, “Information flow in agriculture –
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[5] Indu Gautam and S.R.N Reddy, “Innovative GSM based
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[6] R.Suresh, S.Gopinath, K.Govindaraju, T.Devika,
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[9] K.S.S. Prasad, Nitesh Kumar, Nitish Kumar Sinha and
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[10] Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System
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[11] Thingspeak : https:// thingspeak.com/
[12] Alexandros Kaloxylos, Robert Eigenmann, Frederick
Teye, Zoi Politopoulou, Sjaak Wolfert, Claudia Shrank,
Markus Dillinger, Ioanna Lampropoulou, Eleni
Antoniou, Liisa Pesonen, Huether Nicole, Floerchinger
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 159 – No 8, February 2017
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Thomas, Nancy Alonistioti, and George Kormentzas,
“Farm management systems and the Future Internet era”,
Elsevier's Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 89
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[13] Pavithra D.S, M.S.Srinath GSM based Automatic
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