IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges
TL;DR: It is discussed, how blockchain, which is the underlying technology for bitcoin, can be a key enabler to solve many IoT security problems.
About: This article is published in Future Generation Computer Systems.The article was published on 2017-11-01. It has received 1743 citations till now.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive classification of blockchain-enabled applications across diverse sectors such as supply chain, business, healthcare, IoT, privacy, and data management is presented, and key themes, trends and emerging areas for research are established.
1,310 citations
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the relationship between blockchain and IoT, investigates challenges in blockchain IoT applications, and surveys the most relevant work in order to analyze how blockchain could potentially improve the IoT.
1,255 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviews the literature, tabulate, and summarize the emerging blockchain applications, platforms, and protocols specifically targeting AI area, and identifies and discusses open research challenges of utilizing blockchain technologies for AI.
Abstract: Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain have become two of the most trending and disruptive technologies. Blockchain technology has the ability to automate payment in cryptocurrency and to provide access to a shared ledger of data, transactions, and logs in a decentralized, secure, and trusted manner. Also with smart contracts, blockchain has the ability to govern interactions among participants with no intermediary or a trusted third party. AI, on the other hand, offers intelligence and decision-making capabilities for machines similar to humans. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on blockchain applications for AI. We review the literature, tabulate, and summarize the emerging blockchain applications, platforms, and protocols specifically targeting AI area. We also identify and discuss open research challenges of utilizing blockchain technologies for AI.
570 citations
Cites background from "IoT security: Review, blockchain so..."
...of security in design and development of their software components, IoT devices remain insecure when connected in a distributed environment and abstain to provide a robust structure [117]....
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TL;DR: This survey investigates some of the work that has been done to enable the integrated blockchain and edge computing system and discusses the research challenges, identifying several vital aspects of the integration of blockchain andEdge computing: motivations, frameworks, enabling functionalities, and challenges.
Abstract: Blockchain, as the underlying technology of crypto-currencies, has attracted significant attention. It has been adopted in numerous applications, such as smart grid and Internet-of-Things. However, there is a significant scalability barrier for blockchain, which limits its ability to support services with frequent transactions. On the other side, edge computing is introduced to extend the cloud resources and services to be distributed at the edge of the network, but currently faces challenges in its decentralized management and security. The integration of blockchain and edge computing into one system can enable reliable access and control of the network, storage, and computation distributed at the edges, hence providing a large scale of network servers, data storage, and validity computation near the end in a secure manner. Despite the prospect of integrated blockchain and edge computing systems, its scalability enhancement, self organization, functions integration, resource management, and new security issues remain to be addressed before widespread deployment. In this survey, we investigate some of the work that has been done to enable the integrated blockchain and edge computing system and discuss the research challenges. We identify several vital aspects of the integration of blockchain and edge computing: motivations, frameworks, enabling functionalities, and challenges. Finally, some broader perspectives are explored.
488 citations
Cites background from "IoT security: Review, blockchain so..."
...During data transmission, several attacks (jamming attacks, Sybil attacks, flooding attacks, resource-depletion denial-ofservice, and others [47]) at different levels could be launched to disable the links by congesting the network or could monitor network data flow....
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TL;DR: A taxonomy of the security research areas in IoT/IIoT along with their corresponding solutions is designed and several open research directions relevant to the focus of this survey are identified.
476 citations
References
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TL;DR: An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key.
Abstract: An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key. This has two important consequences: (1) Couriers or other secure means are not needed to transmit keys, since a message can be enciphered using an encryption key publicly revealed by the intented recipient. Only he can decipher the message, since only he knows the corresponding decryption key. (2) A message can be “signed” using a privately held decryption key. Anyone can verify this signature using the corresponding publicly revealed encryption key. Signatures cannot be forged, and a signer cannot later deny the validity of his signature. This has obvious applications in “electronic mail” and “electronic funds transfer” systems. A message is encrypted by representing it as a number M, raising M to a publicly specified power e, and then taking the remainder when the result is divided by the publicly specified product, n, of two large secret primer numbers p and q. Decryption is similar; only a different, secret, power d is used, where e * d ≡ 1(mod (p - 1) * (q - 1)). The security of the system rests in part on the difficulty of factoring the published divisor, n.
14,659 citations
TL;DR: This survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development, and finds that still major issues shall be faced by the research community.
12,539 citations
TL;DR: The definitions, architecture, fundamental technologies, and applications of IoT are systematically reviewed and the major challenges which need addressing by the research community and corresponding potential solutions are investigated.
Abstract: In recent year, the Internet of Things (IoT) has drawn significant research attention. IoT is considered as a part of the Internet of the future and will comprise billions of intelligent communicating `things'. The future of the Internet will consist of heterogeneously connected devices that will further extend the borders of the world with physical entities and virtual components. The Internet of Things (IoT) will empower the connected things with new capabilities. In this survey, the definitions, architecture, fundamental technologies, and applications of IoT are systematically reviewed. Firstly, various definitions of IoT are introduced; secondly, emerging techniques for the implementation of IoT are discussed; thirdly, some open issues related to the IoT applications are explored; finally, the major challenges which need addressing by the research community and corresponding potential solutions are investigated.
5,295 citations
"IoT security: Review, blockchain so..." refers background in this paper
...It represents a network where ‘‘things’’ or embedded devices having sensors are interconnected through a private or a public network [1,2]....
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TL;DR: The conclusion is that the blockchain-IoT combination is powerful and can cause significant transformations across several industries, paving the way for new business models and novel, distributed applications.
Abstract: Motivated by the recent explosion of interest around blockchains, we examine whether they make a good fit for the Internet of Things (IoT) sector. Blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-trusting members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary, in a verifiable manner. We review how this mechanism works and also look into smart contracts—scripts that reside on the blockchain that allow for the automation of multi-step processes. We then move into the IoT domain, and describe how a blockchain-IoT combination: 1) facilitates the sharing of services and resources leading to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) allows us to automate in a cryptographically verifiable manner several existing, time-consuming workflows. We also point out certain issues that should be considered before the deployment of a blockchain network in an IoT setting: from transactional privacy to the expected value of the digitized assets traded on the network. Wherever applicable, we identify solutions and workarounds. Our conclusion is that the blockchain-IoT combination is powerful and can cause significant transformations across several industries, paving the way for new business models and novel, distributed applications.
3,129 citations
01 Mar 2012
TL;DR: This document specifies the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), which provides a mechanism whereby multipoint-to-point traffic from devices inside the LLN towards a central control point as well as point- to- multipoint traffic from the central control points to the devices insideThe LLN are supported.
Abstract: Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are a class of network in which
both the routers and their interconnect are constrained. LLN routers
typically operate with constraints on processing power, memory, and
energy (battery power). Their interconnects are characterized by high
loss rates, low data rates, and instability. LLNs are comprised of
anything from a few dozen to thousands of routers. Supported traffic
flows include point-to-point (between devices inside the LLN), point-
to-multipoint (from a central control point to a subset of devices
inside the LLN), and multipoint-to-point (from devices inside the LLN
towards a central control point). This document specifies the IPv6
Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), which
provides a mechanism whereby multipoint-to-point traffic from devices
inside the LLN towards a central control point as well as point-to-
multipoint traffic from the central control point to the devices
inside the LLN are supported. Support for point-to-point traffic is
also available. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
2,551 citations