Iron and its dilute substitutional solid solutions
01 Jan 1972-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science (Springer New York)-Vol. 3, Iss: 1, pp 5-26
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of alloying elements on the properties of iron are studied, including lattice parameters, elastic constants, the effect of temperature on strength, solid solution strengthening and softening, work hardening, strain aging, hot working and toughness.
Abstract: The new results of an extensive study of the effects of alloying elements upon the properties of iron are presented, including lattice parameters, elastic constants, the effect of temperature on strength, solid solution strengthening and softening, work hardening, strain aging, hot working and toughness.
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TL;DR: The first crystallographic analysis of a non-γ-tubulin γTuRC component has resulted in a new appreciation of the relationships among all γ TuRC proteins, leading to a refined model of their organization and function.
Abstract: Microtubule nucleation is regulated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) and related γ-tubulin complexes, providing spatial and temporal control over the initiation of microtubule growth. Recent structural work has shed light on the mechanism of γTuRC-based microtubule nucleation, confirming the long-standing hypothesis that the γTuRC functions as a microtubule template. The first crystallographic analysis of a non-γ-tubulin γTuRC component (γ-tubulin complex protein 4 (GCP4)) has resulted in a new appreciation of the relationships among all γTuRC proteins, leading to a refined model of their organization and function. The structures have also suggested an unexpected mechanism for regulating γTuRC activity via conformational modulation of the complex component GCP3. New experiments on γTuRC localization extend these insights, suggesting a direct link between its attachment at specific cellular sites and its activation.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the variation of the volume fraction of untransformed retained austenite as a function of uniaxial plastic strain and found that the increase of the mechanical stability of retained Austenite is not solely related to the decrease of the M s temperature induced by carbon enrichment.
Abstract: The mechanical stability of dispersed retained austenite, i.e., the resistance of this austenite to mechanically induced martensitic transformation, was characterized at room temperature on two steels which differed by their silicon content. The steels had been heat treated in such a way that each specimen presented the same initial volume fraction of austenite and the same austenite grain size. Nevertheless, depending on the specimen, the retained austenite contained different amounts of carbon and was surrounded by different phases. Measurements of the variation of the volume fraction of untransformed austenite as a function of uniaxial plastic strain revealed that, besides the carbon content of retained austenite, the strength of the other phases surrounding austenite grains also influences the austenite resistance to martensitic transformation. The presence of thermal martensite together with the silicon solid-solution strengthening of the intercritical ferrite matrix can “shield” austenite from the externally applied load. As a consequence, the increase of the mechanical stability of retained austenite is not solely related to the decrease of the M
s temperature induced by carbon enrichment.
347 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanism explaining both solid solution softening and solid solution hardening has been developed by examining the motion of a screw dislocation through a combined field of Peierls potential and misfit strain centers.
204 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative interpretation of these observations is achieved by modelling the mechanical properties of bainite and martensite in their tempered states, and it is found that the peak in the curve of the strength as a function of the volume fraction of Martensite can be attributed to two factors.
Abstract: Recently published experimental data demonstrate that the strength of mixed microstructures of tempered bainite and martensite can peak at an intermediate volume fraction of martensite. In the present work, a quantitative interpretation of these observations is achieved by modelling the mechanical properties of bainite and martensite in their tempered states. It is found that the peak in the curve of the strength as a function of the volume fraction of martensite can be attributed to two factors. When bainite forms it enriches the residual austenite with carbon, so that the strength of the subsequent martensite increases. In addition, during its deformation, the strength of the bainite is enhanced via plastic constraint by the surrounding stronger martensite. Taking these effects into account, it is possible to predict accurately both the trends and the absolute values of published experimental data on the strength of mixed microstructures.MST/1901
188 citations
References
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01 May 1952
TL;DR: The connection between the elastic behavior of an aggregate and a single crystal is considered in this article, with special reference to the theories of Voigt, Reuss, and Huber and Schmid.
Abstract: The connection between the elastic behaviour of an aggregate and a single crystal is considered, with special reference to the theories of Voigt, Reuss, and Huber and Schmid. The elastic limit under various stress systems is also considered, in particular, it is shown that the tensile elastic limit of a face-centred aggregate cannot exceed two-thirds of the stress at which pronounced plastic distortion occurs.
7,944 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic and plastic properties of pure polycrystalline metals are discussed and a systematic relation between shear modulus, Burgers vector and plastic shear strength of metals possessing the same lattice structure is proposed.
Abstract: Relations between the elastic and plastic properties of pure polycrystalline metals are discussed and a systematic relation between shear modulus, Burgers vector and plastic shear strength of metals possessing the same lattice structure is proposed. In addition reasons are given for believing that in a limited temperature range malleability is related to Poisson's ratio.
5,719 citations
4,690 citations
Book•
05 Oct 2000
TL;DR: Hardness measurements with conical and pyramidal indenters as mentioned in this paper have been used to measure the area of contact between solids and the hardness of ideal plastic metals. But they have not yet been applied to the case of spherical indenters.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Hardness measurements by spherical indenters 3. Deformation and indentation of ideal plastic metals 4. Deformation of metals by spherical indenters. Ideal plastic metals 5. Deformation of metals by spherical indenters. Metals which work-harden 6. Deformation of metals by spherical indenters. 'Shallowing' and elastic 'recovery' 7. Hardness measurements with conical and pyramidal indenters 8. Dynamic or rebound hardness 9. Area of contact between solids Appendix I. Brinell hardness Appendix II. Meyer hardness Appendix III. Vickers hardness Appendix IV. Hardness conversion Appendix V. Hardness and ultimate tensile strength Appendix VI. Some typical hardness values
3,562 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958
TL;DR: The Handbook of Lattice spacings and structures of metals and alloys as discussed by the authors is a handbook of argumentative essay structure spacing and lattice plane model modified by the incorporation of thermodynamic functions appropriate to the f.c.
Abstract: For the best product experience, a Handbook of of argumentative essay structure spacing Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys ScienceDirect. Get this from a library! A handbook of lattice spacings and structures of metals and alloys. (W B Pearson) Acm metal). Vol. lattice plane model modified by the incorporation of thermodynamic functions appropriate to the f.c.c. Al—Ag solid zones in the alloys. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings. Structures of Metals and Alloys.
3,090 citations