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Journal ArticleDOI

Irrigation planning: 1. Cropping pattern

01 Jun 1979-Water Resources Research (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 15, Iss: 3, pp 672-678
TL;DR: In this paper, an area-allocation model for corn, grain sorghum and pinto beans is proposed to maximize gross margin from yields of crops under consideration subject to total water supply, maximum amount of water that can be delivered for irrigation purposes on any date of irrigation, and irrigation labor.
Abstract: Irrigation programs, specified in terms of dates and depths of irrigation, are developed for corn, grain sorghum and pinto beans. The information contained in the irrigation programs for each crop is applied in an area-allocation model to determine a cropping pattern for the three crops. The area-allocation model is a linear optimization model which maximizes gross margin from yields of crops under consideration subject to total water supply, maximum amount of water that can be delivered for irrigation purposes on any date of irrigation, and irrigation labor. The land area to be allocated to each crop for planting is the decision variable. Results from the area-allocation model include cropping pattern, gross margin, total irrigation depth on each date of irrigation, total irrigation labor, and crop yield. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of changes in crop prices on the optimal results.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The comprehensive reviews on the use of various programming techniques for the solution of different optimization problems have been provided and conclusions are drawn where gaps exist and more research needs to be focused.

194 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reviews on the combined applications of simulation and optimization modeling for the conjunctive use planning and management of surface water and groundwater resources for sustainable irrigated agriculture are done and presented in this paper.

128 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a model based on on-farm irrigation scheduling and the simple GA method for decision support in irrigation project planning, which is applied to an irrigation project located in Delta, Utah of 394.6 ha in area, for optimizing economic profits, simulating the water demand, crop yields, and estimating the related crop area percentages with specified water supply and planted area constraints.

107 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The literature review revealed that the management models used in the past mainly considered the objectives of maximization of net farm income, minimization of waterlogging, and minimizing of groundwater depletion as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Proper planning and management of irrigation is vital in achieving food security for the burgeoning global population and sustaining livelihoods. Because irrigated agriculture is expected to provide more food, if managed properly. The comprehensive reviews on the use of various programming techniques used for planning and management of irrigation have been provided in this paper. The literature review revealed that the management models used in the past mainly considered the objectives of maximization of net farm income, minimization of waterlogging, and minimization of groundwater depletion. These objectives were achieved by optimizing the allocation of available land and water resources. The past reviews are grouped into four sections based on the programming techniques adopted. The sections include: linear programming, nonlinear programming, dynamic programming, and genetic algorithms. This review provides the basis for the selection of appropriate methodology for the planning and management of irrigation.

101 citations


Cites background from "Irrigation planning: 1. Cropping pa..."

  • ...Matanga and Mariño (1979) developed a stochastic inter-seasonal model to determine irrigation policy....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of an irrigated, saline stream-aquifer system is constructed to simulate economic, agronomic, and hydrologic processes to examine the effect of crop-mixing strategies on long-term profits.
Abstract: A model of an irrigated, saline stream-aquifer system is constructed to simulate economic, agronomic, and hydrologic processes. The model is applied to a section of the Arkansas Valley in southeastern Colorado and is used to examine the effect of crop-mixing strategies on long-term profits. Mixing in excess of crop rotation requirements provides an index of farmers' willingness to exchange some profit for a reduction in the risk of short-term loss. The model contains three components. The economic component simulates water use decisions that maximize annual profit for each farm. The hydrologic component simulates salt transport by employing regression equations that predict changes in groundwater salinity as a function of hydrologic conditions and water use decisions. The agronomic component approximates changes in corn and alfalfa production in response to the depth and salinity of irrigation applications. Results from the entire economic-hydrologic-agronomic model are consistent with the few historical observations available for the site.

92 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that a satisfactory account can be given of open water evaporation at four widely spaced sites in America and Europe, the results for bare soil receive a reasonable check in India, and application of theresults for turf shows good agreement with estimates of evapolation from catchment areas in the British Isles.
Abstract: Two theoretical approaches to evaporation from saturated surfaces are outlined, the first being on an aerodynamic basis in which evaporation is regarded as due to turbulent transport of vapour by a process of eddy diffusion, and the second being on an energy basis in which evaporation is regarded as one of the ways of degrading incoming radiation. Neither approach is new, but a combination is suggested that eliminates the parameter measured with most difficulty—surface temperature—and provides for the first time an opportunity to make theoretical estimates of evaporation rates from standard meteorological data, estimates that can be retrospective. Experimental work to test these theories shows that the aerodynamic approach is not adequate and an empirical expression, previously obtained in America, is a better description of evaporation from open water. The energy balance is found to be quite successful. Evaporation rates from wet bare soil and from turf with an adequate supply of water are obtained as fractions of that from open water, the fraction for turf showing a seasonal change attributed to the annual cycle of length of daylight. Finally, the experimental results are applied to data published elsewhere and it is shown that a satisfactory account can be given of open water evaporation at four widely spaced sites in America and Europe, the results for bare soil receive a reasonable check in India, and application of the results for turf shows good agreement with estimates of evaporation from catchment areas in the British Isles.

6,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The summary of Grassi's thesis by Christiansen illustrates a multiple correlation approach to predicting evapotranspiration, e.g., the ratio of evaporation rates to the values obtained from the correlation equation were correlated with the next variable as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The summary of Grassi's thesis by Christiansen illustrates a multiple correlation approach to predicting evapotranspiration, Et. Grassi related evapotranspiration rates to all meterological and crop data provided by the authors in addition to theoretical solar radiation reaching the outer atmosphere. A sequential analysis techniqe was used in an attempt to obtain independent empirical coefficients for the meteorological variables and crop factors presented. In this procedure, Et was correlated with the first meteorological [va]riable, (either extraterrestrial and cloud cover, or incident solar radiation, [] evaporation in this case) using only those values of Et near the potential [] growth state. Then, the ratios of Et to the values obtained from the correlation equation were correlated with the next variable.

822 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The lag in adaptation of new technology by the user can be partly attributed to a lack of time, technical training and experience in meteorology, physics and agronomy as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: TREMENDOUS international scientific effort has been expended on evaporation and transpiration problems during the past decade as evidenced by hundreds of technical publications, and numerous conferences. However, use of this scientific achievement by agriculturalists, project planners and operators of irrigation farms has lagged behind technological advancements. The lag in adaptation of new technology by the user can be partly attributed to a lack of time, technical training and experience in meteorology, physics and agronomy

215 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a well-advanced research program aimed at quantitative prediction of relations between principal crops and water is presented, where the goal is to estimate functional relations between crop yield Y and water at all water supply levels, and optimize water management by maximizing profit or water use efficiency or other objective.
Abstract: A well-advanced research program is aimed at quantitative prediction of relations between principal crops and water. Goals are to: (1) estimate functional relations between crop yield Y and water at all water supply levels; water being defined as seasonal depths of both evapotranspiration ET and irrigation IRR ; and (2) optimize water management by maximizing profit or water use efficiency or other objective. Davis, Calif. field and lysimeter studies with corn show: (1) the Y versus ET function is linear, provided unavoidable ET deficits from limited irrigation water coincide with those crop growth stages that influence yield the least; and (2) the Y versus IRR function is convex, reflecting decreasing irrigation efficiency (percentage of IRR utilized ET ) as actual crop ET approaches fulfillment of maximum requirements. When IRR equals zero the two functions become one, and ET derives entirely from stored soil water and rainfall.

188 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that economic optimization of water use, under sub-optimum conditions, must take account of the variable effects of water deficit at different stages of growth, particularly for maize.
Abstract: Irrigation experiments with grain sorghum and maize conducted at Davis on a clay loam of open structure and great depth, showed that the extent of yield reduction following evapotranspiration deficits depended on the growth period during which these occurred. With sorghum, deficits were least tolerated in the vegetative and pollination periods. The same held for maize but this crop could be conditioned to withstand deficits at mid-season to some extent by restriction at an earlier stage. In practice, the ground water potential at the beginning of the season was decisive. It was concluded that economic optimization of water use, under sub-optimum conditions, must take account of the variable effects of water deficit at different stages of growth, particularly for maize

119 citations