Is friendship akin to kinship
TL;DR: A domain-specific over a domain-general approach to understanding intimate relationships is supported and a number of interesting questions about the modular structure of cognitive and affective processes involved in these relationships are raised.
About: This article is published in Evolution and Human Behavior.The article was published on 2007-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 125 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Kin recognition & Kinship.
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Dissertation•
02 Feb 2017
TL;DR: Barclay et al. as discussed by the authors used basic principles of natural selection to understand and predict interpersonal human behavior, and found that similar patterns of preferences for ability (i.e., traits that affect one’s capacity to provide benefits; e.g., wealth, intelligence, attractiveness) and willingness traits (e.g. kindness, generosity) are found across four types of long-term relationships.
Abstract: Biological Markets and Long-Term Cooperation: Partner Choice, Attraction, and Maintenance Sara Kafashan Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. Pat Barclay In this doctoral thesis, I use basic principles of natural selection to understand and predict interpersonal human behaviour. Specifically, I focus my research on the various strategies people employ to form and maintain social bonds. I begin this dissertation by showing that similar patterns of preferences for ability (i.e., traits that affect one’s capacity to provide benefits; e.g., wealth, intelligence, attractiveness) and willingness traits (i.e., traits that affect one’s likeliness to provide benefits; e.g., kindness, generosity) are found across four types of long-term relationships. I argue that this is because all relationships serve as a means of gaining valuable benefits through social exchange. In Chapter 2, I present a two-part investigation of the tradeoffs people make in forming either narrow social networks with strong connections or broad social networks with weak connections. I show that preferences for the trade-off between network size and intimacy vary depending on the type of social interaction, and discuss the possibility of domain-specific (i.e., within the workplace, personal life, neighbourhood, family, etc.) preferences in the network size and intimacy trade-off. In Chapter 3, I assess the relative costs and benefits of helping kin over non-kin. Two main findings were obtained: (1) costlier help was found to be directed disproportionately towards kin over non-kin, and (2) status was a motivating factor for investment in kin and non-kin. In Chapter 4, I examine how two key aspects of interpersonal dynamics – (1) tracking: the degree to which people monitor the behaviours of others; and (2) tolerance: the degree to which one is lenient of temporary imbalances – are influenced by emotional closeness, changes in the availability of partners in one’s social environment, and stable preferences for the distribution of outcomes. My findings suggest that tracking and tolerance have separate adaptive functions. To conclude, I discuss the major contributions of my research, future directions of study, and real-life applications.
3 citations
Cites background from "Is friendship akin to kinship"
...For instance, females tend to treat friends as kin whereas males tend to treat friends as potential mates (e.g., Ackerman et al., 2007; Park & Ackerman, 2011)....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The Kin Selection Hypothesis proposes that the genes associated with male androphilia (i.e., sexual attraction/arousal to adult males) may be maintained over evolutionary time if the fitness costs of not reproducing directly are offset by increasing one's indirect fitness as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Kin Selection Hypothesis proposes that the genes associated with male androphilia (i.e., sexual attraction/arousal to adult males) may be maintained over evolutionary time if the fitness costs of not reproducing directly are offset by increasing one’s indirect fitness. Theoretically, this could be accomplished by allocating altruism toward kin which would increase the recipient’s ability to survive and reproduce. Evidence for this hypothesis has been garnered through research conducted in Samoa however, no support has been garnered from research conducted in more industrialized cultures (i.e., USA, UK, Japan). In this thesis, I use a Canadian population to examine: (1) the role geographic proximity plays in the expression of androphilic male avuncularity and (2) whether androphilic males direct altruism toward the children of friends who might represent proxies for nieces and nephews in more industrialized cultures. Other sociocultural factors that potentially influence the expression of androphilic male avuncularity are also discussed.
3 citations
Cites background from "Is friendship akin to kinship"
...Ackerman, Kenrick, and Schaller (2007) found that females in particular are more likely to treat friends like kin while males are more likely to treat friends like strangers....
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...Ackerman et al. (2007) suggested that the sexes may 44 differ with respect to the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the processing of information pertaining to close relationships....
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...From an ultimate (evolutionary) perspective, Ackerman et al. (2007) suggested that the fitness costs of erroneously perceiving kin as nonkin may have been greater for females than for males, with the result that females are especially likely to systematically err on the side of false-positive -…...
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...First, on the basis of the existing literature (Ackerman et al., 2007), I predicted...
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...First, on the basis of the existing literature (Ackerman et al., 2007), I predicted that a heterosexual sex difference would exist in altruistic tendencies toward friends’ children....
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TL;DR: The results show that risk-taking propensity generally increases with interpersonal insecurity, however, this relationship was negative in the cooperation domain and null in the financial domain.
Abstract: During social interactions, individuals frequently experience interpersonal insecurity, including feelings of not being loved, protected, trusted, or cared for; these feelings cause numerous behavi...
2 citations
01 Jan 2016
2 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1935
TL;DR: In this paper, Neuberg and Heine discuss the notion of belonging, acceptance, belonging, and belonging in the social world, and discuss the relationship between friendship, membership, status, power, and subordination.
Abstract: VOLUME 2. Part III: The Social World. 21. EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller). 22. MORALITY (Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir). 23. AGGRESSION (Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann). 24. AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION (Mark R. Leary). 25. CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS (Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.). 26. INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION (Susan T. Fiske). 27. SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION (Carsten K. W. De Dreu). 28. INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1(Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin). 29. INTERGROUP BIAS (John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner). 30. SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH (John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay). 31. INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP (Michael A. Hogg). 32. GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE (J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz). 33. ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES (Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens). 34. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR (Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder). 35. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW (Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida). 36. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES, AND CONVERSATIONS (Thomas Holtgraves). 37. CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY (Steven J. Heine). AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.
13,453 citations
12 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The p,cnetics of sex nas now becn clarif ied, and Fishcr ( 1958 ) hrs produccd , n,od"l to cxplarn sex ratios at coDception, a nrodel recently extendcd to include special mccha_ nisms that operate under inbreeding (Hunrilron I96?).
Abstract: There is a tendency among biologists studying social behavior to regard the adult sex ratio as an independent variable to which the species reacts with appropriate adaptations D Lack often interprets social behavior as an adaptation in part to an unbalanced (or balanced) sex ratio, and J Verner has summarized other instances of this tendency The only mechanism that will generate differential mortality independent of sexual differences clearly related to parental investment and sexual selection is the chromosomal mechanism, applied especially to humans and other mammals: the unguarded X chromosome of the male is presumed to predispose him to higher mortality Each offspring can be viewed as an investment independent of other offspring, increasing investment in one offspring tending to decrease investment in others Species can be classified according to the relative parental investment of the sexes in their young In the vast majority of species, the male's only contribution to the survival of his offspring is his sex cells
10,571 citations
"Is friendship akin to kinship" refers background in this paper
...A second line of reasoning applies more clearly to cross-sex friendships and draws on the logic of differential parental investment which suggests that, compared to men, women are likely to be more cautious and risk-averse in their approach to mating (Trivers, 1972)....
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...In line with the immense literature on differential parental investment (Trivers, 1972), it also makes sense that these modules would operate somewhat differently for males and females....
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Book•
01 Jan 1959
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on patterns of interdependence and assume that these patterns play an important causal role in the processes, roles, and norms of relationships in interpersonal relations.
Abstract: This landmark theory of interpersonal relations and group functioning argues that the starting point for understanding social behavior is the analysis of dyadic interdependence. Such an analysis portrays the ways in which the separate and joint actions of two persons affect the quality of their lives and the survival of their relationship. The authors focus on patterns of interdependence, and on the assumption that these patterns play an important causal role in the processes, roles, and norms of relationships. This powerful theory has many applications in all the social sciences, including the study of social and moral norms; close-pair relationships; conflicts of interest and cognitive disputes; social orientations; the social evolution of economic prosperity and leadership in groups; and personal relationships.
5,869 citations
TL;DR: In the second series of experiments, it was found that the maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; however, maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; and the clearest effect on the subject's attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other "objective" advantages.
Abstract: The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages.
The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.
4,523 citations