Is friendship akin to kinship
TL;DR: A domain-specific over a domain-general approach to understanding intimate relationships is supported and a number of interesting questions about the modular structure of cognitive and affective processes involved in these relationships are raised.
About: This article is published in Evolution and Human Behavior.The article was published on 2007-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 125 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Kin recognition & Kinship.
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TL;DR: Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen stellen neben Partner-and Kooperationsbeziehben einen zentralen Kontext der individuellen and sozialen Entwicklung dar and sind in der psychologie bislang nicht ausreichend gewurdigt worden as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen stellen neben Partner- und Kooperationsbeziehungen einen zentralen Kontext der individuellen und sozialen Entwicklung dar und sind in der Psychologie bislang nicht ausreichend gewurdigt worden. In Soziobiologie und Evolutionspsychologie wird Verwandtschaft primar unter dem Aspekt der inklusiven Fitness betrachtet und in Bezug auf das Altruismusproblem erortert. Basierend auf deren Annahmen wird in diesem Beitrag Verwandtschaft als eine psychologische Kategorie verstanden, die durch den proximaten Mechanismus der Regulation emotionaler Nahe und den Verzicht auf die strikte Einhaltung der Reziprozitatsnorm konstruiert wird. Dadurch konnen auch Nichtverwandte als verwandtschaftsgleich oder wahlverwandt wahrgenommen werden. Es wird ein integratives Modell der psychologischen Verwandtschaft postuliert, das Verwandtschaft nicht nur in Abgrenzung zu anderen Beziehungen definiert, sondern ebenso als Ergebnis eines aktiven Prozess der sozialen Beziehungsgestaltung erklart.
2 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined whether human decisions during help-choice situations are affected by whether the decisions are anonymous or public and found that the public respondent group was significantly more utilitarian than the anonymous.
Abstract: This thesis set out to examine whether human decisions during help-choice situations are affected by whether the decisions are anonymous or public. The group of public respondents were manipulated to believe that their moral sensitivity would be evaluated and published on Facebook. The hypothesis was how the public group, in comparison to the anonymous one, would dampen the deliberately constructed utilitarian attitude of the survey. The hypothesis was drawn from previous research indicating that utilitarian opinions, counting lives in numbers, have been deemed cold-hearted. However, contrary to the hypothesis, we found that the public respondent group was significantly more utilitarian than the anonymous. This within the confinement of the theme relational connection where the rescue option was to either save the spouse contra plural. The respondents thus have a tendency to take actions in line with personal interests within anonymous help-choice and dampen it when being public. The results point to a risk factor in being too anonymous in a position that is supposed to safeguard public good when there is self-interest for the individual.
2 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1935
TL;DR: In this paper, Neuberg and Heine discuss the notion of belonging, acceptance, belonging, and belonging in the social world, and discuss the relationship between friendship, membership, status, power, and subordination.
Abstract: VOLUME 2. Part III: The Social World. 21. EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller). 22. MORALITY (Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir). 23. AGGRESSION (Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann). 24. AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION (Mark R. Leary). 25. CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS (Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.). 26. INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION (Susan T. Fiske). 27. SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION (Carsten K. W. De Dreu). 28. INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1(Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin). 29. INTERGROUP BIAS (John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner). 30. SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH (John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay). 31. INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP (Michael A. Hogg). 32. GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE (J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz). 33. ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES (Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens). 34. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR (Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder). 35. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW (Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida). 36. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES, AND CONVERSATIONS (Thomas Holtgraves). 37. CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY (Steven J. Heine). AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.
13,453 citations
12 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The p,cnetics of sex nas now becn clarif ied, and Fishcr ( 1958 ) hrs produccd , n,od"l to cxplarn sex ratios at coDception, a nrodel recently extendcd to include special mccha_ nisms that operate under inbreeding (Hunrilron I96?).
Abstract: There is a tendency among biologists studying social behavior to regard the adult sex ratio as an independent variable to which the species reacts with appropriate adaptations D Lack often interprets social behavior as an adaptation in part to an unbalanced (or balanced) sex ratio, and J Verner has summarized other instances of this tendency The only mechanism that will generate differential mortality independent of sexual differences clearly related to parental investment and sexual selection is the chromosomal mechanism, applied especially to humans and other mammals: the unguarded X chromosome of the male is presumed to predispose him to higher mortality Each offspring can be viewed as an investment independent of other offspring, increasing investment in one offspring tending to decrease investment in others Species can be classified according to the relative parental investment of the sexes in their young In the vast majority of species, the male's only contribution to the survival of his offspring is his sex cells
10,571 citations
"Is friendship akin to kinship" refers background in this paper
...A second line of reasoning applies more clearly to cross-sex friendships and draws on the logic of differential parental investment which suggests that, compared to men, women are likely to be more cautious and risk-averse in their approach to mating (Trivers, 1972)....
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...In line with the immense literature on differential parental investment (Trivers, 1972), it also makes sense that these modules would operate somewhat differently for males and females....
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Book•
01 Jan 1959
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on patterns of interdependence and assume that these patterns play an important causal role in the processes, roles, and norms of relationships in interpersonal relations.
Abstract: This landmark theory of interpersonal relations and group functioning argues that the starting point for understanding social behavior is the analysis of dyadic interdependence. Such an analysis portrays the ways in which the separate and joint actions of two persons affect the quality of their lives and the survival of their relationship. The authors focus on patterns of interdependence, and on the assumption that these patterns play an important causal role in the processes, roles, and norms of relationships. This powerful theory has many applications in all the social sciences, including the study of social and moral norms; close-pair relationships; conflicts of interest and cognitive disputes; social orientations; the social evolution of economic prosperity and leadership in groups; and personal relationships.
5,869 citations
TL;DR: In the second series of experiments, it was found that the maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; however, maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; and the clearest effect on the subject's attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other "objective" advantages.
Abstract: The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages.
The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.
4,523 citations