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Journal ArticleDOI

Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive Action Control? Evidence for Heterogeneity From Co-Activation-Based Parcellation

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that cognitive action control in the right DLPFC may rely on differentiable neural networks and cognitive functions, as well as task-dependent and task-independent connectivity, which revealed both clusters to be involved in distinct neural networks.
Abstract: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has consistently been implicated in cognitive control of motor behavior. There is, however, considerable variability in the exact location and extension of these activations across functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. This poses the question of whether this variability reflects sampling error and spatial uncertainty in fMRI experiments or structural and functional heterogeneity of this region. This study shows that the right DLPFC as observed in 4 different experiments tapping executive action control may be subdivided into 2 distinct subregions-an anterior-ventral and a posterior-dorsal one - based on their whole-brain co-activation patterns across neuroimaging studies. Investigation of task-dependent and task-independent connectivity revealed both clusters to be involved in distinct neural networks. The posterior subregion showed increased connectivity with bilateral intraparietal sulci, whereas the anterior subregion showed increased connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex. Functional characterization with quantitative forward and reverse inferences revealed the anterior network to be more strongly associated with attention and action inhibition processes, whereas the posterior network was more strongly related to action execution and working memory. The present data provide evidence that cognitive action control in the right DLPFC may rely on differentiable neural networks and cognitive functions.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A connectivity-based parcellation framework is designed that identifies the subdivisions of the entire human brain, revealing the in vivo connectivity architecture and provides a fine-grained, cross-validated atlas and contains information on both anatomical and functional connections.
Abstract: The human brain atlases that allow correlating brain anatomy with psychological and cognitive functions are in transition from ex vivo histology-based printed atlases to digital brain maps providing multimodal in vivo information. Many current human brain atlases cover only specific structures, lack fine-grained parcellations, and fail to provide functionally important connectivity information. Using noninvasive multimodal neuroimaging techniques, we designed a connectivity-based parcellation framework that identifies the subdivisions of the entire human brain, revealing the in vivo connectivity architecture. The resulting human Brainnetome Atlas, with 210 cortical and 36 subcortical subregions, provides a fine-grained, cross-validated atlas and contains information on both anatomical and functional connections. Additionally, we further mapped the delineated structures to mental processes by reference to the BrainMap database. It thus provides an objective and stable starting point from which to explore the complex relationships between structure, connectivity, and function, and eventually improves understanding of how the human brain works. The human Brainnetome Atlas will be made freely available for download at http://atlas.brainnetome.org, so that whole brain parcellations, connections, and functional data will be readily available for researchers to use in their investigations into healthy and pathological states.

1,717 citations


Cites background or methods from "Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..."

  • ...The GUI version is single-ROI oriented and therefore a user friendlymethod that allows the targeted analysis of any brain region defined, for example, by functional or structural findings (Cieslik et al. 2013; Muhle-Karbe et al. 2015)....

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  • ...…connectivity-based parcellation-yielded subregions was based on behavioral domain and paradigm class meta data labels of the BrainMap database (cf. http://www.brainmap.org/taxonomy) using forward and reverse inferences (Eickhoff et al. 2011; Cieslik et al. 2013; Clos et al. 2013; Fox et al. 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for the core brain network involved in emotion regulation of emotional reactivity is developed and a cluster in the anterior middle cingulate cortex is identified as a region, which is anatomically and functionally in an ideal position to influence behavior and subcortical structures related to affect generation.

680 citations


Cites background or methods from "Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..."

  • ..., 2009a) and, in this context for formal reverse inference on associated functions via functional decoding (Cieslik et al., 2012; Poldrack, 2011; Rottschy et al., 2012)....

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  • ...…of DLPFC activationmight be of importance, when trying to determine its role in a specific task, as recent work has shown that the DLPFC can at least be subdivided into an anterior and posterior network with distinct connectivity patterns and functional characteristics (Cieslik et al., 2012)....

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  • ...Anatomically, the DLPFC is in the position to regulate a very broad range of behavioral reactions, ranging from different motor behaviors (Cieslik et al., 2012), approach and avoidance via its connections to the ventral striatum (Haber, 2009a; Haber and Knutson, 2010)....

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  • ...activationmight be of importance, when trying to determine its role in a specific task, as recent work has shown that the DLPFC can at least be subdivided into an anterior and posterior network with distinct connectivity patterns and functional characteristics (Cieslik et al., 2012)....

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  • ...…meta-analysis, but can also be used to validate new paradigms or analyze co-occurring networks via MACM (Laird et al., 2009a) and, in this context for formal reverse inference on associated functions via functional decoding (Cieslik et al., 2012; Poldrack, 2011; Rottschy et al., 2012)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A common pattern of disruption across major psychiatric disorders that parallels the "multiple-demand network" observed in intact cognition is demonstrated, demonstrated to be transdiagnostically vulnerable to gray matter reduction.
Abstract: Objective:Cognitive deficits are a common feature of psychiatric disorders. The authors investigated the nature of disruptions in neural circuitry underlying cognitive control capacities across psychiatric disorders through a transdiagnostic neuroimaging meta-analysis.Method:A PubMed search was conducted for whole-brain functional neuroimaging articles published through June 2015 that compared activation in patients with axis I disorders and matched healthy control participants during cognitive control tasks. Tasks that probed performance or conflict monitoring, response inhibition or selection, set shifting, verbal fluency, and recognition or working memory were included. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were conducted on peak voxel coordinates.Results:The 283 experiments submitted to meta-analysis included 5,728 control participants and 5,493 patients with various disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar or unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders). Transdiagnostically ...

377 citations


Cites background from "Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..."

  • ...Furthermore, a coactivation-based parcellation of the lateral prefrontal cortex across cognitive paradigms (45) revealed two functional subregions, with the anterior region preferentially connected to the anterior cingulate and theposterior region to the intraparietal sulci....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Video game training augments GM in brain areas crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance going along with evidence for behavioral changes of navigation strategy, which could counteract known risk factors for mental disease.
Abstract: Video gaming is a highly pervasive activity, providing a multitude of complex cognitive and motor demands. Gaming can be seen as an intense training of several skills. Associated cerebral structural plasticity induced has not been investigated so far. Comparing a control with a video gaming training group that was trained for 2 months for at least 30 min per day with a platformer game, we found significant gray matter (GM) increase in right hippocampal formation (HC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral cerebellum in the training group. The HC increase correlated with changes from egocentric to allocentric navigation strategy. GM increases in HC and DLPFC correlated with participants' desire for video gaming, evidence suggesting a predictive role of desire in volume change. Video game training augments GM in brain areas crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance going along with evidence for behavioral changes of navigation strategy. The presented video game training could therefore be used to counteract known risk factors for mental disease such as smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume in, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease.

324 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The association cortex is explored by mathematically formalizing the notion that a behavioral task engages multiple cognitive components, which are in turn supported by multiple overlapping brain regions, which contribute to the ability to execute multiple and varied tasks.
Abstract: The association cortex supports cognitive functions enabling flexible behavior. Here, we explored the organization of human association cortex by mathematically formalizing the notion that a behavioral task engages multiple cognitive components, which are in turn supported by multiple overlapping brain regions. Application of the model to a large data set of neuroimaging experiments (N = 10 449) identified complex zones of frontal and parietal regions that ranged from being highly specialized to highly flexible. The network organization of the specialized and flexible regions was explored with an independent resting-state fMRI data set (N = 1000). Cortical regions specialized for the same components were strongly coupled, suggesting that components function as partially isolated networks. Functionally flexible regions participated in multiple components to different degrees. This heterogeneous selectivity was predicted by the connectivity between flexible and specialized regions. Functionally flexible regions might support binding or integrating specialized brain networks that, in turn, contribute to the ability to execute multiple and varied tasks.

318 citations


Cites background or methods from "Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..."

  • ...Each simulated data set allowed the generation of 299 881 null functional specificity values (corresponding to the resolution of FreeSurfer surface space)....

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  • ...Therefore, our approach extends models that assume each brain region belongs to a single category or cluster (e.g., Cieslik et al. 2013; Clos et al. 2013)....

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  • ...Here, we extend previous meta-analyses (e.g., Duncan and Owen 2000; Gilbert et al. 2006; Cieslik et al. 2013) by applying a novel data-driven approach to 10 449 experimental contrasts from the BrainMap® (Fox and Lancaster 2002) database....

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  • ...Keywords: cognitive ontology, functional connectivity, meta-analysis, parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.
Abstract: We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.

10,985 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed

10,943 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.
Abstract: An MRI time course of 512 echo-planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10(-3)) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.

8,766 citations


"Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..." refers background in this paper

  • ...08 Hz, since meaningful resting-state correlations will predominantly be found in these frequencies given that the BOLD response acts as a low-pass filter (Biswal et al. 1995; Greicius et al. 2003; Fox and Raichle 2007)....

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  • ...Data were then band-pass filtered preserving frequencies between 0.01 and 0.08 Hz, since meaningful resting-state correlations will predominantly be found in these frequencies given that the BOLD response acts as a low-pass filter (Biswal et al. 1995; Greicius et al. 2003; Fox and Raichle 2007)....

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  • ...Moreover, analyses of task-independent activity have shown that most resting-state networks represent well-known networks that share common functions (Biswal et al. 1995; Damoiseaux et al. 2006; van den Heuvel et al. 2009)....

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  • ...…has been shown that these resting-state networks seem to comprise brain regions that are known to share a common behavioral or cognitive function (Biswal et al. 1995; Damoiseaux et al. 2006; van den Heuvel et al. 2009; Laird et al. 2011), prompting the view that resting-state correlations indeed…...

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  • ...In this context, it should be mentioned that “functional connectivity” has originally been defined in the neuroscience literature as the temporal coincidence of spatially distant neurophysiological events (Aertsen et al. 1989; Friston et al. 1993; Biswal et al. 1995; Lowe et al. 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent studies examining spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of functional magnetic resonance imaging as a potentially important and revealing manifestation of spontaneous neuronal activity are reviewed.
Abstract: The majority of functional neuroscience studies have focused on the brain's response to a task or stimulus. However, the brain is very active even in the absence of explicit input or output. In this Article we review recent studies examining spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of functional magnetic resonance imaging as a potentially important and revealing manifestation of spontaneous neuronal activity. Although several challenges remain, these studies have provided insight into the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain, variability in behaviour and potential physiological correlates of neurological and psychiatric disease.

6,135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study constitutes, to the knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network.
Abstract: Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

6,025 citations


"Is There “One” DLPFC in Cognitive A..." refers background in this paper

  • ...08 Hz, since meaningful resting-state correlations will predominantly be found in these frequencies given that the BOLD response acts as a low-pass filter (Biswal et al. 1995; Greicius et al. 2003; Fox and Raichle 2007)....

    [...]

  • ...Data were then band-pass filtered preserving frequencies between 0.01 and 0.08 Hz, since meaningful resting-state correlations will predominantly be found in these frequencies given that the BOLD response acts as a low-pass filter (Biswal et al. 1995; Greicius et al. 2003; Fox and Raichle 2007)....

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