Is this the end of globalization (as we know it)
TL;DR: According to different media and analysts, globalization could be in a phase of slowbalization, de-globalization or even secular stagnation as discussed by the authors, and they surveyed academic proposals for defining, class...
Abstract: According to different media and analysts, globalization could be in a phase of ‘slowbalization’, de-globalization or even secular stagnation. After surveying academic proposals for defining, class...
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01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of how to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider.
Abstract: 세계화가 과연 하나의 독립변수로 사용하기에 충분할 정도로 그 의미가 명확하게 규명된 과학적 개념인가의 여부는 학계의 지속적인 의문으로 남아 있다. 특히 최근에는 현저하게 드러나고 있는 각종 반세계화 현상을 바탕으로 세계화에 대한 반론이 거세지고 있으며 일부 세계화론 주창자들조차 ‘현실’로서 세계화 현상에 대한 회의적 시각을 표출하고 있어 그 의문은 더욱 커지고 있다. 이에 따라 세계화를 설명 변수로 삼는 모든 연구 영역에서 세계화의 의미와 세계화와 관련된 연구 성과를 반추해 볼 필요성도 커지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 세계화의 의미 분석을 바탕으로 세계화를 안보환경 변화의 독립변수로 삼는 연구의 동향을 분석하고 연구의 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 세계화는 그 설명적 가치와 규범적 판단을 둘러싸고 논란이 계속되고 있는 개념이다. 세계화는 세계화론자를 중심으로 발전되어 온 개념이지만 이들 사이에서도 개념에 대한 합의는 존재하지 않는다. 세계화는 가장 단순하게는 하나의 현상 혹은 사건으로 간주되기도 하지만, 세계화의 본질을 규명하려는 입장에서는 세계화의 원인과 영향에 대한 인과관계는 물론 사회관계 본질이나 권력관계 변화를 적시하는 개념으로 취급하여 왔다. 그러나 세계화를 개념화하려는 노력은 수많은 하부 현상을 단일 요소로 설명해야 하며, 역으로 개념 속에 혼재되어 있는 세계화의 원인, 결과, 설명 및 규범적 판단 요소를 단순화해야 한다는 과제를 안고 있다. 특히 원인과 결과가 혼재되어 있는 세계화 개념은 현상 분석을 위한 설명체제 구성에 가장 큰 장애요인이 되고 있다. 세계화와 안보와의 관계를 다루는 연구는 대체로 세계화에 관한 중도론적 입장에서 안보에 관한 낙관론을 피하고 새로운 위협을 제시하는데 초점을 맞추는데, 이러한 경향은 안보연구에서 세계화를 가장 단순한 수준에서 정의하는 데에서 비롯된다. 그러나 지나치게 단순한 세계화 개념을 적용하는 안보연구는 질적으로 새로운 현상인 세계화를 여전히 국가중심적 시각에서 다루고 모든 안보위협을 테러리즘의 문제로 축소하려는 환원주의의 문제를 야기한다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 세계화 개념의 불완전성을 염두에 둔 세계화 개념에 대한 접근과 일관된 세계화 개념 적용이 요구된다. 또한 세계화 현상으로부터 직접적인 안보 사안을 도출하는 노력에서 한 차원 더 나아가 안보연구의 새로운 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있는 안보환경 변화의 전체적 특성을 분석하는 포괄적 연구가 요구된다.
1,030 citations
TL;DR: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been more than a crisis; it has been a global wake-up call to change our paradigms and the way we perceive the world.
Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been more than a crisis; it has been a global wake-up call to change our paradigms and the way we perceive the world. Not surprisingly, the pandemic has altered the way we interpret the normal as well as the way we live. Normal, by its nature, is a relative term and, presently, we have different derivations of it: Normal, new normal, and next normal. Nevertheless, it is important to always remember that one’s new normal can be someone else's normal, or one’s normal could have hitherto been a new normal for someone else. Likewise, normal and new normal for some can be the next normal for others. These derivations of normal suggest that we are experiencing an unprecedented time, one marked by major shifts in the way we understand and interpret different areas of life, not least of all education, which has and will continue to undergo changes, particularly in the way we teach and learn. With the wide range of written and oral arguments already made on this subject, there is uncertainty surrounding what the future will bring to us, which means that now is the time to ask what is past, what is present, and what is next? Realizing that the world, and education in particular, as we know them will never be the same, it would be prudent to address some of the most critical issues on the educational landscape by turning our attention to what we have learned from the past and seen in the present and applying our interpretations of them to ensure a solid future.
62 citations
Cites background from "Is this the end of globalization (a..."
...- N. Kirchner In addition to the many and diverse problems around the world (Olivié & Gracia, 2020), the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a great degree of uncertainty regarding the future of globalization (Ajami, 2020), especially as it relates to education (Wang, 2020)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a modified political trilemma of contemporary social-ecological transformation is proposed to grasp the interwoven dynamics of long-term transformations due to climate change and geopolitical reordering on one hand and on the other short-term political ruptures due to countermovements.
Abstract: This article advances Rodrik's political trilemma of the world economy by using insights from Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, which helps to grasp the interwoven dynamics of long-term transformations due to climate change and geopolitical reordering on one hand, and on the other short-term political ruptures due to countermovements. Rodrik's globalization trilemma shows the incompatibility of hyperglobalization with the need for an enlarged democratic policy space. Its nodes (globalization, nation state and democracy), however, have to be redefined to grasp contemporary dynamics of deglobalization. Based on a modified political trilemma of contemporary social-ecological transformation, I discuss and compare three visions and the resultant strategies: (1) Liberal globalism, focusing on hyperglobalization and individualism, (2) nationalistic capitalism, stressing national sovereignty and authoritarian governance, and (3) foundational economy based on planetary coexistence which combines selective economic deglobalization with a strengthening of a place-based foundational economy, and their respective social-ecological infrastructural configurations.
16 citations
Cites background from "Is this the end of globalization (a..."
...While soft globalization has continued in fields like culture, sport, science and tourism (pre-Covid-19), military and economic globalization have lost momentum (Olivié & Gracia, 2020)....
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01 Apr 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020 and a scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies.
Abstract: The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.
14 citations
Posted Content•
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: Cohen et al. as mentioned in this paper argued that the current monetary rivalry still greatly favors America's greenback and argued that neither the euro nor the yuan will supplant the US dollar at the top of the global currency hierarchy.
Abstract: Monetary rivalry is a fact of life in the world economy Intense competition between international currencies like the US dollar, Europe’s euro, and the Chinese yuan is profoundly political, going to the heart of the global balance of power But what exactly is the relationship between currency and power, and what does it portend for the geopolitical standing of the United States, Europe, and China? Popular opinion holds that the days of the dollar, long the world’s dominant currency, are numbered By contrast, Currency Power argues that the current monetary rivalry still greatly favors America’s greenback Benjamin Cohen shows why neither the euro nor the yuan will supplant the dollar at the top of the global currency hierarchy Cohen presents an innovative analysis of currency power and emphasizes the importance of separating out the various roles that international money might have After systematically exploring the links between currency internationalization and state power, Cohen turns to the state of play among today’s top currencies The greenback, he contends, is the “indispensable currency”—the one that the world can’t do without Only the dollar is backed by all the economic and political resources that make a currency powerful Meanwhile, the euro is severely handicapped by structural defects in the design of its governance mechanisms, and the yuan suffers from various practical limitations in both finance and politics Contrary to today’s growing opinion, Currency Power demonstrates that the dollar will continue to be the leading global currency for some time to come
11 citations
References
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TL;DR: This article developed an index of globalization covering its three main dimensions: economic integration, social integration, and political integration, using panel data for 123 countries in 1970-2000 and analyzed empirically whether the overall index and sub-indexes constructed to measure the single dimensions affect economic growth.
Abstract: The study develops an index of globalization covering its three main dimensions: economic integration, social integration, and political integration. Using panel data for 123 countries in 1970–2000 it is analysed empirically whether the overall index of globalization as well as sub-indexes constructed to measure the single dimensions affect economic growth. As the results show, globalization indeed promotes growth. The dimensions most robustly related with growth refer to actual economic flows and restrictions in developed countries. Although less robustly, information flows also promote growth whereas political integration has no effect.
2,208 citations
"Is this the end of globalization (a..." refers background in this paper
...Although these different measurements co-exist, probably the main reference in the field is the KOF Globalization Index, originally developed by Dreher (2006) and that had been applied by the mid-2010s in over 100 empirical studies on globalization (Potrafke, 2015) (see Table 1)....
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01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of how to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider.
Abstract: 세계화가 과연 하나의 독립변수로 사용하기에 충분할 정도로 그 의미가 명확하게 규명된 과학적 개념인가의 여부는 학계의 지속적인 의문으로 남아 있다. 특히 최근에는 현저하게 드러나고 있는 각종 반세계화 현상을 바탕으로 세계화에 대한 반론이 거세지고 있으며 일부 세계화론 주창자들조차 ‘현실’로서 세계화 현상에 대한 회의적 시각을 표출하고 있어 그 의문은 더욱 커지고 있다. 이에 따라 세계화를 설명 변수로 삼는 모든 연구 영역에서 세계화의 의미와 세계화와 관련된 연구 성과를 반추해 볼 필요성도 커지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 세계화의 의미 분석을 바탕으로 세계화를 안보환경 변화의 독립변수로 삼는 연구의 동향을 분석하고 연구의 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 세계화는 그 설명적 가치와 규범적 판단을 둘러싸고 논란이 계속되고 있는 개념이다. 세계화는 세계화론자를 중심으로 발전되어 온 개념이지만 이들 사이에서도 개념에 대한 합의는 존재하지 않는다. 세계화는 가장 단순하게는 하나의 현상 혹은 사건으로 간주되기도 하지만, 세계화의 본질을 규명하려는 입장에서는 세계화의 원인과 영향에 대한 인과관계는 물론 사회관계 본질이나 권력관계 변화를 적시하는 개념으로 취급하여 왔다. 그러나 세계화를 개념화하려는 노력은 수많은 하부 현상을 단일 요소로 설명해야 하며, 역으로 개념 속에 혼재되어 있는 세계화의 원인, 결과, 설명 및 규범적 판단 요소를 단순화해야 한다는 과제를 안고 있다. 특히 원인과 결과가 혼재되어 있는 세계화 개념은 현상 분석을 위한 설명체제 구성에 가장 큰 장애요인이 되고 있다. 세계화와 안보와의 관계를 다루는 연구는 대체로 세계화에 관한 중도론적 입장에서 안보에 관한 낙관론을 피하고 새로운 위협을 제시하는데 초점을 맞추는데, 이러한 경향은 안보연구에서 세계화를 가장 단순한 수준에서 정의하는 데에서 비롯된다. 그러나 지나치게 단순한 세계화 개념을 적용하는 안보연구는 질적으로 새로운 현상인 세계화를 여전히 국가중심적 시각에서 다루고 모든 안보위협을 테러리즘의 문제로 축소하려는 환원주의의 문제를 야기한다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 세계화 개념의 불완전성을 염두에 둔 세계화 개념에 대한 접근과 일관된 세계화 개념 적용이 요구된다. 또한 세계화 현상으로부터 직접적인 안보 사안을 도출하는 노력에서 한 차원 더 나아가 안보연구의 새로운 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있는 안보환경 변화의 전체적 특성을 분석하는 포괄적 연구가 요구된다.
1,030 citations
"Is this the end of globalization (a..." refers background in this paper
...As already pointed out by Held et al. (1999) and Keohane and Nye (2000), it could be argued that globalization and regionalization are interlinked....
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...…CSGR, KOF and NGI Capital flows Keohane and Nye (2000), Conley (2002), Altman (2009) and Postelnicu et al. (2015) CSGR and MGI Portfolio flows Held et al. (1999) and Ougaard (2016) AT Kearney & Foreign Policy, CSGR, DHL, KOF and NGI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Sjolander (1996), Held et…...
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...…(2000), Conley (2002) and Ferguson (2005) Elcano Global Presence Index, KOF and NGI Long-distance flow of information and/or ideas Sjolander (1996), Held et al. (1999), Keohane and Nye (2000) CSGR, Elcano Global Presence Index and KOF Internet users and hosts and secure servers, Internet bandwidth…...
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...…flows Held et al. (1999) and Ougaard (2016) AT Kearney & Foreign Policy, CSGR, DHL, KOF and NGI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Sjolander (1996), Held et al. (1999), Conley (2002), Postelnicu et al. (2015) and Ougaard (2016) AT Kearney & Foreign Policy, CSGR, DHL, Elcano Global Presence Index,…...
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...…Policy, CSGR, DHL, Elcano Global Presence Index, KOF, MGI and NGI Other financial flows and reserves KOF Human mobility International migrants Held et al. (1999), Keohane and Nye (2000), Conley (2002) and Altman (2009) CSGR, DHL, Elcano Global Presence Index, KOF, MGI and NGI International…...
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TL;DR: The KOF Globalisation Index as discussed by the authors is a composite index measuring globalization for every country in the world along the economic, social and political dimensions, which is based on 43 instead of 23 variables in the previous version.
Abstract: We introduce the revised version of the KOF Globalisation Index, a composite index measuring globalization for every country in the world along the economic, social and political dimension. The original index was introduced by Dreher (Applied Economics, 38(10):1091–1110, 2006) and updated in Dreher et al. (2008). This second revision of the index distinguishes between de facto and de jure measures along the different dimensions of globalization. We also disentangle trade and financial globalization within the economic dimension of globalization and use time-varying weighting of the variables. The new index is based on 43 instead of 23 variables in the previous version. Following Dreher (Applied Economics, 38(10):1091–1110, 2006), we use the new index to examine the effect of globalization on economic growth. The results suggest that de facto and de jure globalization influence economic growth differently. Future research should use the new KOF Globalisation Index to re-examine other important consequences of globalization and why globalization was proceeding rapidly in some countries, such as South Korea, but less so in others. The KOF Globalisation Index can be downloaded from http://www.kof.ethz.ch/globalisation/
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1,027 citations
"Is this the end of globalization (a..." refers methods in this paper
...This feature is prevalent in the KOF Globalization Index despite its recent methodological update, where de iure and de facto indicators are separated in two distinct composite indicators....
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...Globalization has slowed down since the beginning of the decade but has retrenched in only two years (−0.7% in 2014 and −1.4% in 2015) and is now recovering....
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...Of all the indexes surveyed in Table 1, only three comply: the KOF Globalization Index, that covers the period 1970–2018, the DHL Connectedness Index, for 2005–2018, and the Elcano Global Presence Index, for 1990–2018....
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...KEYWORDS Globalization; de-globalization; economic; military; soft; Elcano Global Presence Index...
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...These are the AT Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index (Kearny & Policy, 2003), the KOF Index of Globalization (Gygli et al., 2018), the index produced by the Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization (CSGR) (Lockwood & Redoano, 2005), the Maastricht Globalization Index (MGI)…...
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TL;DR: Globalism as mentioned in this paper is a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multi-continental distances, which occur through flows and influences of capital and goods, information and ideas, and people and forces.
Abstract: "Globalization" emerged as a buzzword in the 1990s, just as "interdependence" did in the 1970s, but the phenomena it refers to are not entirely new. The characterization of interdependence more than 20 years ago now applies to globalization at the turn of the millennium: "This vague phrase expresses a poorly understood but widespread feeling that the very nature of world politics is changing". Globalism is a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multi-continental distances. The linkages occur through flows and influences of capital and goods, information and ideas, and people and forces, as well as environmentally and biologically relevant substances. Globalism does not imply universality. At the turn of the millennium, more than a quarter of the American population used the World Wide Web compared with one hundredth of 1 percent of the population of South Asia.
425 citations
TL;DR: In the last year or so, markedly different claims have been heard within the development community about just how much progress is being made against poverty and inequality in the current period of "globalization" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the last year or so, markedly different claims have been heard within the development community about just how much progress is being made against poverty and inequality in the current period of ‘globalization’. This article provides a non-technical overview of the conceptual and methodological issues underlying these conflicting claims. It argues that the dramatically different positions taken in this debate often stem from differences in the concepts and definitions used and differences in data sources and measurement assumptions. These differences are often hidden from view in the debate, but they need to be considered carefully if one is properly to interpret the evidence. The article argues that the best available evidence suggests that, if the rate of progress against absolute poverty in the developing world in the 1990s is maintained, then the Millennium Development Goal of halving the 1990 aggregate poverty rate by 2015 will be achieved on time in the aggregate, though not in all regions. The article concludes with some observations on the implications for policy-oriented debates on globalization and pro-poor growth.
308 citations
Additional excerpts
...That is, whether globalization is good or bad (Bello, 2004; Chanda, 2008; Conley, 2002; Fine, 2004; Green & Griffith, 2002; Marber, 2005; Önis & Güven, 2011; Ravallion, 2003; Rupert, 2005)....
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