scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Islam, identity and professional values: A study of journalists in three Muslim-majority regions:

01 May 2014-Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 15, Iss: 4, pp 482-503
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of surveys in the Arab world, Indonesia and Pakistan reveals that the mission and values of journalists in those Muslim-majority region are similar to those in the US.
Abstract: Islam is a religion, but it is also a philosophy. An analysis of surveys in the Arab world, Indonesia and Pakistan reveals that the mission and values of journalists in those Muslim-majority region...
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article proposed a process model of journalistic roles, where normative, cognitive, practiced, and narrated roles are connected through processes of internalization, enactment, reflection, normalization, and negotiation.
Abstract: The study of journalistic roles tends to be descriptive and is thin on theory. This article advances an understanding of journalistic roles as being discursively constituted and builds on the notion of journalism as a discursive institution. Journalistic roles are negotiated in a relational structure—the discursive field—where journalists, news outlets, and media organizations struggle over discursive authority in conversations about journalism's identity and locus in society. Journalistic roles are articulated and enacted on 2 distinct levels: role orientations (normative and cognitive roles) and role performance (practiced and narrated roles). The process model of journalistic roles proposes a circular structure, where normative, cognitive, practiced, and narrated roles are connected through processes of internalization, enactment, reflection, normalization, and negotiation.

252 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper conceptualized journalistic roles as discursive constructions of journalism's identity and place in society, and argued that journalists exercise important roles in two domains: political life and everyday life.
Abstract: Journalism researchers have tended to study journalistic roles from within a Western framework oriented toward the media’s contribution to democracy and citizenship. In so doing, journalism scholarship often failed to account for the realities in non-democratic and non-Western contexts, as well as for forms of journalism beyond political news. Based on the framework of discursive institutionalism, we conceptualize journalistic roles as discursive constructions of journalism’s identity and place in society. These roles have sedimented in journalism’s institutional norms and practices and are subject to discursive (re)creation, (re)interpretation, appropriation, and contestation. We argue that journalists exercise important roles in two domains: political life and everyday life. For the domain of political life, we identify 18 roles addressing six essential needs of political life: informational-instructive, analytical-deliberative, critical-monitorial, advocative-radical, developmental-educative, and colla...

238 citations


Cites background from "Islam, identity and professional va..."

  • ...It compels journalists not to stay apart from the flow of events but to participate, intervene, get involved, and promote social change (Hanitzsch, 2007)....

    [...]

  • ...A defining feature of the advocative-radical function is the journalist’s position toward loci of power in society – in other words, their ‘power distance’ (Hanitzsch, 2007: 373)....

    [...]

  • ...The collaborative-facilitative dimension, finally, entails an understanding of journalists acting as partners of the government and supporting it in their efforts to bring about development and social well-being (Christians et al., 2009; Hanitzsch, 2007)....

    [...]

  • ...Democracy, discursive institutionalism, everyday life, journalistic roles, normative theory Corresponding author: Thomas Hanitzsch, Department of Communication Studies and Media Research, LMU Munich, Oettingenstr....

    [...]

  • ...…beyond the discursive realm of journalism by promoting real-world change: •• The change agent – a role that is particularly pertinent to transitional and developing societies – advocates for social change and drives political and social reform (Chan et al., 2004; Hanitzsch, 2011; Pintak, 2014)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI

116 citations

Kasonde J, Rowe Pj, Fajans P, Puri Cp, Wang Yf 
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This annual report describes the activities of the former subcommittee for Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Resources for Research including research needs assessments developing human resources strengthening institutions and research and development.
Abstract: This annual report describes the activities of the former subcommittee for Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Resources for Research including research needs assessments developing human resources strengthening institutions and research and development.

84 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Gross as mentioned in this paper argues that although Eastern European journalists are no longer forced to toe the Communist Party line, their new employers, representing a wide variety of political views, frequently expect them to push media outlet partisan agendas, which often result in extremely partisan and/or sensational Eastern European coverage based more on opinions, inaccurate information, and half truths than on well-documented, credible facts.
Abstract: Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe. Peter Gross. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2002. xii, 226 pp. $49.95 hbk. $24.95 pbk. When 1989 revolutions freed Eastern Europe from Communist rule, many observers predicted that the newly liberated, post-Communist media would shed Communist-era ideological control, recreate themselves as a liberal democratic media system with strong professional standards, and become a driving force in establishing open societies in Eastern Europe. However, in Entangled Evolutions, author Peter Gross, professor of journalism at California State University-Chico, points out that such "utopian" predictions have not, and may never, come true. After all, he argues, although Eastern European journalists are no longer forced to toe the Communist Party line, their new employers, representing a wide variety of political views, frequently expect them to push media outlet partisan agendas. And strong political pressure, combined with desperate economic conditions, a lack of professional journalistic traditions, etc., often result in extremely partisan and/or sensational Eastern European coverage based more on opinions, inaccurate information, and half truths than on well-documented, credible facts. Finally, how can societies facing their own democratic transformation difficulties be expected to create a democratic media system that can aid them in the process? Entangled Evolutions details numerous post-1989 Eastern European journalistic shortcomings. However, Gross argues that it is unfair to judge this coverage based on unrealistic expectations and predictions made during the euphoric fall of communism. In other words, some scholars have focused so intently on the negative aspects of the media's post-1989 development, they have overlooked the media's significant democratic successes. Gross, who says he himself has been guilty of such oversights in previous research projects, arrived at more positive conclusions about post-1989 Eastern European journalism while conducting extensive research for this text. For example, in Entangled Evolutions, which expertly analyzes the complicated interactions of civil society, political culture, and Eastern Europe's post-Communist media (from 1989 to 2000), Gross argues that the post-1989 media have "indirectly and unwittingly" helped set some groundwork for a possible future democratic press system. For instance, when Eastern European journalists promote their media outlets' political views, which are often quite diverse, they collectively present a marketplace of ideas to their audiences. In addition, when media groups openly compete for political, economic, and cultural clout, they demonstrate to their Eastern European audiences (and help build) the type of public climate necessary for a liberal democratic press system to take root. …

56 citations

References
More filters
Book
01 Aug 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of media content beyond processes and effects analyzing media content patterns of media contents influences on content from individual media workers influence on media routines influence on content influences on contents from outside of media organizations, influence of ideology linking influences on media content to the effects of content building a theory of news content.
Abstract: Studying influences on media content beyond processes and effects analyzing media content patterns of media content influences on content from individual media workers influence of media routines organizational influences on content influences on content from outside of media organizations the influence of ideology linking influences on content to the effects of content building a theory of news content.

2,148 citations

Book
15 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the issues in mass communication, and propose a framework for connecting media with society through a social theory of media and society, as well as four models of communication: power and inequality, social integration and identity, social change and development, space and time, and accountability.
Abstract: PART ONE: PRELIMINARIES 1. Introduction to the Book Our object of study The structure of the book Themes and issues in mass communication Manner of treatment How to use the book Limitations of coverage and perspective Different kinds of theory Communication science and the study of mass communication Alternative traditions of analysis: structural, behavioural and cultural Conclusion 2. The Rise of Mass Media From the beginning to mass media Print media: the book Print media: the newspaper Other print media Film as a mass medium Broadcasting Recorded music The communications revolution: new media versus old Differences between media Conclusion PART TWO: THEORIES 3. Concepts and Models for Mass Communication Early perspectives on media and society The 'mass' concept The mass communication process The mass audience The mass media as an institution of society Mass culture and popular culture The rise of a dominant paradigm for theory and research An alternative, critical paradigm Four models of communication Conclusion 4. Theory of Media and Society Media, society and culture: connections and conflicts Mass communication as a society-wide process: the mediation of social relations and experience A frame of reference for connecting media with society Theme I: power and inequality Theme II: social integration and identity Theme III: social change and development Theme IV: space and time Media-society theory I: the mass society Media-society theory II: Marxism and political economy Media-society theory III: functionalism Media-society theory IV: social constructionism Media-society theory V: communication technology determinism Media-society theory VI: the information society Conclusion 5. Mass Communication and Culture Communication and culture The beginnings: the Frankfurt School and critical cultural theory The redemption of the popular Gender and the mass media Commercialization Communication technology and culture Mass media and postmodern culture Conclusion 6. New Media - New Theory? New media and mass communication What is new about the new media? The main themes of new media theory Applying medium theory to the new media New patterns of information traffic Computer-mediated community formation Political participation, new media and democracy Technologies of freedom? New equalizer or divider? Conclusion 7. Normative Theory of Media and Society Sources of normative obligation The media and the public interest Main issues for social theory of the media Early approaches to theory: the press as 'fourth estate' The 1947 Commission on Freedom of the Press and the social theory of responsibility Professionalism and media ethics Four Theories of the Press and beyond The public service broadcasting alternative Mass media, civil society and the public sphere Response to the discontents of the public sphere Alternative visions Normative media theory: four models Conclusion PART THREE: STRUCTURES 8. Media Structure and Performance: Principles and Accountability Media freedom as a principle Media equality as a principle Media diversity as a principle Truth and information quality Social order and solidarity Cultural order The meaning of accountability Two alternative models of accountability Lines and relations of accountability Frames of accountability Conclusion 9. Media Economics and Governance Media 'not just any other business' The basics of media structure and levels of analysis Some economic principles of media structure Ownership and control Competition and concentration Mass media governance The regulation of mass media: alternative models Media policy paradigm shifts Media systems and political systems Conclusion 10. Global Mass Communication Origins of globalization Driving forces: technology and money Global media structure Multinational media ownership and control Varieties of global mass media International media dependency Cultural imperialism and beyond The media transnationalization process International news flow The global trade in media culture Towards a global media culture? Global media governance Conclusion PART FOUR: ORGANIZATIONS 11. The Media Organization: Pressures and Demands Research methods and perspectives The main issues Levels of analysis The media organization in a field of social forces Relations with society Relations with pressure and interest groups Relations with owners and clients Relations with the audience Aspects of internal structure and dynamics The influence of personal characteristics of mass communicators Role conflicts and dilemmas Conclusion 12. The Production of Media Culture Media-organizational activities: gatekeeping and selection Influences on news selection The struggle over access between media and society The influence of sources on news Media-organizational activity: processing and presentation The logic of media culture Alternative models of decision-making The coming of convergence culture: consumers as producers Conclusion PART FIVE: CONTENT 13. Media Content: Issues, Concepts and Methods of Analysis Why study media content? Critical perspectives on content Structuralism and semiology Media content as information Media performance discourse Objectivity and its measurement Questions of research method Traditional content analysis Quantitative and qualitative analysis compared Conclusion 14. Media Genres and Texts Questions of genre Genre and the internet The news genre The structure of news: bias and framing News as narrative Television violence The cultural text and its meanings Conclusion PART SIX: AUDIENCES 15. Audience Theory and Research Traditions The audience concept The original audience From mass to market Goals of audience research Alternative traditions of research Audience issues of public concern Types of audience The audience as a group or public The gratifi cation set as audience The medium audience Audience as defi ned by channel or content Questions of audience reach Activity and selectivity Conclusion 16. Audience Formation and Experience The 'why' of media use A structural approach to audience formation The uses and gratifi cations approach An integrated model of audience choice Public and private spheres of media use Subculture and audience Lifestyle Gendered audiences Sociability and uses of the media Normative framing of media use Audience norms for content The view from the audience Media fandom The end of the audience? The 'escape' of the audience The future of the audience The audience concept again Conclusion PART SEVEN: EFFECTS 17. Processes and Models of Media Effects The premise of media effect The natural history of media effect research and theory: four phases Types of communicative power Levels and kinds of effects Processes of media effect: a typology Individual response and reaction: the stimulus-response model Mediating conditions of effect Source-receiver relations and effect The campaign Conclusion 18. Social-Cultural Effects A model of behavioural effect The media, violence and crime Media, children and young people Collective reaction effects Diffusion of innovation and development The social distribution of knowledge Social learning theory Socialization Social control and consciousness formation Cultivation Media and long-term social and cultural change Entertainment effects Conclusion 19. News, Public Opinion and Political Communication Learning from news News diffusion Framing effects Agenda-setting Effects on public opinion and attitudes The elaboration-likelihood model of infl uence The spiral of silence: the formation of climates of opinion Structuring reality and unwitting bias The communication of risk Political communication effects in democracies Effects on the political institution and process Media influence on event outcomes Propaganda and war Internet news effects Conclusion EPILOGUE 20. The Future of Mass Communication Origins of the mass communication idea The end of mass communication? The survival of mass communication The consequences of new media for mass communication Conclusion

2,040 citations


"Islam, identity and professional va..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The theory provides a framework for examining journalism on the international stage (Donsbach and Klett, 1993; McQuail, 2005) and led to proposals for a ‘universal theory’ of journalism culture, which attempted to explain why various journalistic values ‘seem to play out differently around the…...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
Mark Deuze1
TL;DR: The history of journalism in elective democracies around the world has been described as the emergence of a professional identity of journalists with claims to an exclusive role and status in society, based on and at times fiercely defended by their occupational ideology.
Abstract: The history of journalism in elective democracies around the world has been described as the emergence of a professional identity of journalists with claims to an exclusive role and status in society, based on and at times fiercely defended by their occupational ideology. Although the conceptualization of journalism as a professional ideology can be traced throughout the literature on journalism studies, scholars tend to take the building blocks of such an ideology more or less for granted. In this article the ideal-typical values of journalism’s ideology are operationalized and investigated in terms of how these values are challenged or changed in the context of current cultural and technological developments. It is argued that multiculturalism and multimedia are similar and poignant examples of such developments. If the professional identity of journalists can be seen as kept together by the social cement of an occupational ideology of journalism, the analysis in this article shows how journalism in the...

1,404 citations


"Islam, identity and professional va..." refers background in this paper

  • ...While journalists may, in some but not all cases, share certain objectives (Hanitzsch et al., 2010), or aspire to a ‘global ideology of journalism’, they each interpret its values and mores through their own cultural prism, creating a ‘liquid modern state of affairs’ (Deuze, 2005: 445)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a conceptualization of journalism culture that consists of three essential constituents (institutional roles, epistemologies, and ethical ideologies), further divided into 7 principal dimensions: interventionism, power distance, market orientation, objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism.
Abstract: Despite a large array of work broadly concerned with the cultures of news production, studies rarely attempt to tackle journalism culture and its dimensional structure at the conceptual level The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to propose a theoretical foundation on the basis of which systematic and comparative research of journalism cultures is feasible and meaningful By using a deductive and etic approach, the concept of journalism culture is deconstructed in terms of its constituents and principal dimensions Based on a review of the relevant literature, the article proposes a conceptualization of journalism culture that consists of 3 essential constituents (institutional roles, epistemologies, and ethical ideologies), further divided into 7 principal dimensions: interventionism, power distance, market orientation, objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism

674 citations


"Islam, identity and professional va..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…a ‘universal theory’ of journalism culture, which attempted to explain why various journalistic values ‘seem to play out differently around the globe’ (Hanitzsch, 2007; Hanitzsch et al., 2010) and the concept of ‘glocalization’ – a ‘global-to-local’ theoretical matrix that its authors say…...

    [...]