Isolation and characterisation of methanol-soluble fraction of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) - evaluation of their antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activity in in vitro systems.
TL;DR: Fraction X from the weed has therapeutic potential in pathophysiological condition and showed anti-oxidant property, dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and anti-microbial activity.
Abstract: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) is a tropical weed commonly known as alligator weed. It grows rapidly within a small span of time and easily available all over the world. The objective of this work was to isolate and characterise the major phenolic components present in the methanol-soluble fraction (fraction X) of A. philoxeroides leaves and to explore the biological activity (antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition and antimicrobial) of the fraction in in vitro system. Chromatographic (HPLC) and spectroscopic (MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR) techniques were used to purify and characterise the phenolics present in fraction X. Five major phenolics (kaempferol, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid) were found in fraction X. The fraction showed anti-oxidant property, dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and anti-microbial activity. Hence fraction X from the weed has therapeutic potential in pathophysiological condition.
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TL;DR: The results generally underline the complex interaction effects between altitude and shade or postharvest processing on biochemical composition and quality of green arabica coffee beans.
Abstract: Although various studies have assessed altitude, shade and postharvest processing effects on biochemical content and quality of coffee beans, data on their interactions are scarce. The individual and interactive effects of these factors on the caffeine, chlorogenic acids (CGA) and sucrose contents as well as physical and sensory qualities of green coffee beans from large plantations in southwestern Ethiopia were evaluated. Caffeine and CGA contents decreased with increasing altitude; they respectively declined 0.12 and 1.23gkg-1 100m-1. Sucrose content increased with altitude; however, the altitude effect was significant for wet-processed beans (3.02gkg-1 100m-1), but not for dry-processed beans (0.36g kg-1 100m-1). Similarly, sucrose content increased with altitude with much stronger effect for coffee grown without shade (2.11gkg-1 100m-1) compared to coffee grown under shade (0.93gkg-1 100m-1). Acidity increased with altitude when coffee was grown under shade (0.22 points 100m-1), but no significant altitude effect was observed on coffee grown without shade. Beans grown without shade showed a higher physical quality score for dry (37.2) than for wet processing (29.1). These results generally underline the complex interaction effects between altitude and shade or postharvest processing on biochemical composition and quality of green arabica coffee beans.
92 citations
Cites background from "Isolation and characterisation of m..."
...Caffeine and CGA are among the compounds found in green coffee beans that are most likely to be bioactive (Bhattacherjee et al., 2014; Godos et al., 2014) and important contributors to flavor (Farah et al....
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...Caffeine and CGA are among the compounds found in green coffee beans that are most likely to be bioactive (Bhattacherjee et al., 2014; Godos et al., 2014) and important contributors to flavor (Farah et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: This paper tries to demonstrate how syringic and chlorogenic acids, two largely consumed natural products bind with BSA to prevent glycation-associated complications.
Abstract: Glycation is known to be related with several pathophysiological complications Several chemical and natural compounds had been tested on different systems to prevent glycation-related complications Though they show a promising result initially, but often fail to succeed in preclinical trials In this paper, we try to demonstrate how syringic and chlorogenic acids, two largely consumed natural products bind with BSA to prevent glycation-associated complications Biochemical (glucose estimation) and biophysical (CD, MALDI, MS/MS) techniques have been used to demonstrate the antiglycating mechanism We have calculated binding constant 307 ± 042 × 10− 4 and 267 ± 028 × 10− 4 M− 1 for syringic and chlorogenic acids respectively Further we have successfully purified BSA–phenolic acid conjugates by chromatographic methods Molecular modeling and mass spectrometric studies suggested that Lys 93,261,232, Arg 194 and Lys 93, Arg 194 are the responsible binding residues for syringic and chlorogenic acids respectively
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the beneficial fraction of Alternenthera leaves (fraction X) was used in green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (X-GNP) in comparison with commonly used chemical synthesis method (GNP).
Abstract: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.), a weed, mainly from tropical origin and easily available worldwide. People used to eat it as a food mainly in South Africa. In our previous report we have thoroughly characterise several important phenolics, monoterpene and phenylpropane from methanol soluble fraction of Alternenthera leaves (fraction X) and also reported their α-glucosidase inhibitory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. All these isolated natural compounds are well characterised and widely studied. In our present study we try to use this beneficial fraction (named fraction X) in green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (X-GNP). We also try to explore the beneficial aspects of green synthesis in comparison with commonly used chemical synthesis method (GNP) in context with their antimicrobial activity. UV/Vis spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta potential, FT-IR, EDAX and other microscopic techniques namely: SEM, AFM were used to characterise the synthesised nanoparticles. Different important microbial s...
13 citations
TL;DR: Altenanthera bettzickiana exhibited mutagenic activity in a bacterial reverse mutation assay with and without enzyme activation systems, however, it showed limited cytotoxicity to BHK-21 cells.
Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of n-hexane and aqueous-methanolic whole plant extracts of Alternanthera bettzickiana. Aqueous-methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Alternanthera bettzickiana extracts were assessed for the mutagenic potential with Salmonella tester strains TA-100 and TA-102 in the presence and absence of the rodent enzyme activation system and cytotoxic potential was assessed by MTT assay. Aqueous-methanolic extract showed the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides. However n-hexane extract revealed the presence of tannins and terpenoids only. It was found that a concentration as low as 15mg/mL of both extracts was more mutagenic to the TA 102 tester strain than TA-100. Hexane whole plant extract of Altenanthera bettzickiana was more mutagenic than aqueous-methanolic extract considering revertant colonies of TA 100 strain. Aqueous-methanolic and n-hexane whole plant extracts of Altenanthera bettzickiana showed higher mutagenic potential in the presence of the enzyme activation system. Mutagenicity of aqueous-methanolic extract increased with an enzyme activation system in case of TA 100 whereas mutagenicity of n-hexane extract decreased in the presence of the enzyme activation system with TA 100 and TA 102 strains. Aqueous-methanolic and n-Hexane whole plant extracts of Alternanthera bettzickiana showed an IC-50 of 493 and 456 µg/mL in BHK-21 cells respectively. It can be concluded that Altenanthera bettzickiana exhibited mutagenic activity in a bacterial reverse mutation assay with and without enzyme activation systems. However, it showed limited cytotoxicity to BHK-21 cells.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of A. philoxeroides on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of Zoysia matrella, and isolated and analyzed the dominant allelochemicals in root extracts.
Abstract: Alternanthera philoxeroides is a perennial invasive species worldwide which can greatly affect native ecosystems and agricultural production. Our research studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of A. philoxeroides on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of Zoysia matrella, and isolated and analyzed the dominant allelochemicals in root extracts of A. philoxeroides. The overall allelopathic effects of A. philoxeroides extracts on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. matrella were found to be slightly stimulatory (concentrations ≤10 g L-1) and highly inhibitory (≥40 g L-1). Malondialdehyde contents were significantly enhanced with increasing concentrations of A. philoxeroides extracts. The strength of the allelopathic effects of three extracts of A. philoxeroides on Z. matrella followed the order: roots > leaves > stems. The dominant substance was extracted and identified to be ethyl propionate by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pot experiment results show that the effects of ethyl propionate on growth and enzyme activities of Z. matrella also ranged from slightly stimulating to highly inhibiting in a similar fashion to the effects of A. philoxeroide extracts on Z. matrella. The overall allelopathic effects of A. philoxeroides on Z. matrella ranged from slightly stimulating to highly inhibiting. The most abundant allelochemical component of root extracts was identified as ethyl propionate, which also exhibited inhibitory effects similar to A. philoxeroides extracts on Z. matrella.
11 citations
Cites background from "Isolation and characterisation of m..."
...A positive value (+) indicates stimulation by the treatment and a negative value (-) indicates inhibition by the treatment (with zero indicating no significant difference from the control) [24]....
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References
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TL;DR: PBE can be used to suppress postprandial hyperglycemia of diabetic patients and it also can be applied for control of obesity by decreasing the food efficiency ratio, especially carbohydrates.
Abstract: Objective This study investigated the inhibitory effect of pine bark extract (PBE) and needle extract on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and the hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice ( Lep ob [ ob/ob ]). Methods Pine bark and needle were dried and then placed in ethanol, and the extracts were assayed for the measurement of inhibition mode of PBE against α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). We also investigated the effect of long-term treatment with extracts on levels of postprandial blood glucose, body weight, food efficiency ratio, and gene expression of glucose transporter-4 in quadriceps muscle in diabetic mice ( Lep ob [ ob/ob ]). Results The PBE showed competitive inhibition against salivary α-amylase and the combination of non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition against yeast α-glucosidase. In animal experiments, PBE effectively suppressed the increase of postprandial blood glucose level by delaying absorption of diet, and body weights of the group that received PBE were significantly lower than that in the group administered 0.5% carboxylmethyl cellulose (control) 21 d after administration. Conclusions PBE can be used to suppress postprandial hyperglycemia of diabetic patients. It also can be applied for control of obesity by decreasing the food efficiency ratio, especially carbohydrates.
424 citations
"Isolation and characterisation of m..." refers background in this paper
...Beneficial role of natural products in diabetic complications as well as their inhibitory effect against a-glucosidase is well established (Kim et al. 2005)....
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TL;DR: The current understanding of the antioxidant properties of phenols (in homogeneous solutions) is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of the solvent.
Abstract: The current understanding of the antioxidant properties of phenols (in homogeneous solutions) is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of the solvent. Phenols (ArOH) are known to reduce the rates of oxidation of organic matter by transferring a H atom (from their OH groups) to the chain-carrying ROO* radicals, a mechanism that most likely involves a concerted transfer of the hydrogen as a proton and of one electron between the two oxygen atoms, O-H---O* (proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism). The antioxidant capabilities of phenols are strongly reduced by hydrogen-bond accepting solvents since the hydrogen-bonded molecules ArOH---S are virtually unreactive toward ROO* radicals. The magnitude of these kinetic solvent effects is determined by the solute acidity alpha(2)(H) of ArOH (range 0 to 1) and solvent basicity beta(2)(H) (range 0 to 1). Hydroxyl solvents (alcohols) have a double effect on ArOH. On the one hand, they act as hydrogen-bond accepting solvents and reduce the conventional rates of the ArOH + ROO* reaction. On the other hand, these solvents favour the ionization of ArOH into their phenoxide anions ArO(-), which may react with ROO* very rapidly by electron transfer (sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanism). The overall effect is therefore determined by the ionization degree of ArOH. Other aspects of the kinetics and thermodynamics of ArOH + ROO* are also discussed.
259 citations
TL;DR: The antioxidant activities of the fruits of F. deltoidea might be asserted by the phenolic content but other polar plant components were possibly involved in the antidiabetic properties.
Abstract: Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder affecting the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat. A number of studies have shown that diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress, leading to an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Ficus deltoidea is traditionally used in Malaysia for regulating blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The use of F. deltoidea as an alternative medicinal herb is increasingly gaining popularity with the sale of F. deltoidea tea bags and capsules in the local market. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the fruits from different varieties of F. deltoidea, employing in vitro methods. Two fruit varieties of F. deltoidea (var. angustifolia (SF) and var. kunstleri (BF)) were extracted separately using double-distilled water. The resulting aqueous extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate to obtain the ethyl acetate and water fractions. The crude aqueous extracts and the corresponding fractions were evaluated for their phenolic, flavonoid, sugar and protein contents. Protein profiling of the extracts and fractions were also carried out by means of SDS-PAGE and SELDI-TOF MS. Antidiabetic activities were assessed based on the ability of the samples to inhibit yeast and mammalian α-glucosidase as well as α-amylase. Antioxidant capacities were examined by measuring the ability of the samples to reduce ferric ions and to scavenge DPPH, superoxide anion, ABTS and nitric oxide radicals. The crude extracts and fractions of SF and BF inhibited both yeast and rat intestinal α-glucosidases in a dose-dependent manner, but did not inhibit porcine pancreatic α-amylase. The water fraction of BF showed the highest percentage of α-glucosidase inhibition while having the highest amount of protein (73.33 ± 4.99 μg/mg fraction). All the extracts and fractions exhibited antioxidant activities, with SF crude extract showing the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content (121.62 ± 4.86 mg/g extract). Fractionation of the crude extracts resulted in loss of antioxidant activities. There was no positive correlation between phenolic and flavonoid content with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. However, phenolic content correlated well with antioxidant activities of the crude extracts but not with the fractions. The antioxidant activities of the fruits of F. deltoidea might be asserted by the phenolic content but other polar plant components were possibly involved in the antidiabetic properties. The study of these compounds having both antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities may provide a new approach in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
103 citations
"Isolation and characterisation of m..." refers background in this paper
...Different a-glucosidase and thus helpful in type-2 diabetes management (Misbah et al. 2013)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to identify and quantify possible bioactive compounds in almonds.
Abstract: Interest in the molecular composition of almonds is growing, due to their popularity in a wide variety of food formulations. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a powerful new technique that can be used to rapidly identify and quantify possible bioactive compounds in these popular tree nuts. Four flavonol glycosides were identified in almond seedcoats for the first time: isorhamnetin rutinoside, isorhamnetin glucoside, kaempferol rutinoside, and kaempferol glucoside. A MALDI-TOF MS methodology was developed using rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) as an internal standard to quantitatively determine each of the four flavonol glycosides. Results of MALDI-TOF MS analysis were verified by high performance liquid chromatography.
98 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
Abstract: Alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., a South American im- migrant, is an aquatic weed in the southern United States where it roots in shallow water or on shore. Floating stems grow across the surface of the waterway forming a dense interwoven mat. This mat clogs the waterway and outcompetes native plants along the shore. Three species of South American insects were released from 1964 to 1971 for biological control of this aggressive invader. The flea beetle Agasicles hygophila Selman & Vogt strips the leaves from the stems and the moth Vogtia malloi Pastrana bores inside the stems. Heavy damage by either species kills the stems thereby causing the mat to break up, clearing the waterway. The thrips Amynothrips andersoni O'Neill feeds on the young apical leaves. Heavily damaged plants are often stunted. Alligatorweed has been controlled or the populations reduced throughout much of its range, especially in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. Colder climates, though, from Arkansas to North Carolina along the margin of the range preclude establishment of the insects. In some colder areas, for example the Lower Mississippi River Valley, the moths and flea beetles immigrate from the warm coastal areas and provide local control.
80 citations
"Isolation and characterisation of m..." refers background in this paper
...(Amaranthaceae), a tropical weed, mainly originates from South America (Buckingham 1996) and has been recently available almost all over the world (Julien et al. 1995)....
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...Due to its prevalence it shades the aquatic vegetation from sunlight and reduces water flow (Buckingham 1996)....
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