Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section.
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...cord blood (6), amniotic fluid (7 9), and fetal membranes...
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...To test whether maternal gut bacteria can be transferred to fetuses in utero, two pioneer studies investigated if oral administration of a genetically labeled Enterococcus faecium to pregnant mice resulted in its presence in amniotic fluid and meconium of term offspring after sterile cesarean section (C-section) (6, 8)....
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970 citations
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...Infants born by C-section also show a reduced complexity of the gut microbiota and are less often colonized by microorganisms such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, while being more frequently colonized by members of Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster I) and Clostridium difficile (70, 71, 74–79)....
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...To test whether maternal gut bacteria can be provisioned to fetuses in utero, two pioneering studies investigated whether oral administration of genetically labeled Enterococcus faecium to pregnant mice resulted in its presence in the amniotic fluid and meconium of term offspring after sterile C-section (61, 198)....
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...Moreover, no statistically significant difference was observed between bacterial communities harbored by the milk of women who delivered at term or preterm, delivered vaginally or by caesarean section (C-section), or gave birth to boys or girls (242)....
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...Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were reported to be the main phyla represented during the first days of life, with Actinobacteria appearing in the feces of C-section-delivered babies at day 7 to 15 following birth (74)....
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...This apparent process of extinction of bifidobacteria may have been due to modifications of the human diet, including the widespread use of formula milk instead of breast milk, yet may also be due to or compounded by other factors, such as the use of antibiotics, increased hygiene, and C-sections....
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...Recently, it has been shown that the maternal digestive tract may be the origin of bacteria found in amniotic fluid [7,14,16]; therefore, the second objective of this study was to elucidate whether oral administration of a bacterial strain to pregnant mice may lead to its presence in fetal meconium....
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...007 healthy pregnancies has not been assessed despite the fact that bacteria can be isolated and/or PCR-detected in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and fetal membranes without any clinical or histological evidence of infection or inflammation in the mother-infant pair [3,13,14,35]....
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References
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"Isolation of commensal bacteria fro..." refers background in this paper
...Since the old studies of Tissier [23] concerning the acquisition of the infant gut microbiota, the idea that fetuses are sterile in utero and that bacterial colonization of the newborn intestinal tract starts during the transit through the labor channel, due to cross-contamination with vaginal and fecal bacteria of the maternal microflora, has been widely accepted [16, 22]....
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"Isolation of commensal bacteria fro..." refers background in this paper
...sanguinis is recognized for its antagonistic role in dental caries and periodontal diseases [2], and its artificial implantation in the oral cavity has already been proposed as a probiotic approach to prevent caries, including measures that foster a mother-to-child transmission [4]....
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