‘It was made to appear to them so’: the crucifixion, Jews and Sasanian war propaganda in the Qur’ān
TL;DR: The quranic sūra The Women 4:157-58 says that Jews claimed to have killed and crucified Christ but denied that they did so Rather, the verse says, ‘it was made to appear to them so' For centuries
About: This article is published in Religion.The article was published on 2021-03-29. It has received 12 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The decline and fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran, Parvaneh Pourshariati, London: I. B. Tauris, 2008, reprinted 2009, ISBN 13-978-1845116453,...
Abstract: Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran, Parvaneh Pourshariati, London: I. B. Tauris, 2008, reprinted 2009, ISBN 13-978-1845116453, ...
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TL;DR: Defenders and Enemies of the True Cross: the Sasanian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 and Byzantine Ideology of Anti-Persian Warfare (Veroefentlichungen zur Iranistik, Nr. 61) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Defenders and Enemies of the True Cross: the Sasanian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 and Byzantine Ideology of Anti-Persian Warfare (Veroefentlichungen zur Iranistik, Nr. 61), Yuri Stoyanov, Vienna: ...
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Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The History attributed to Sebeos is one of the major works of early Armenian historiography as mentioned in this paper, which traces the fortunes of Armenia in the sixth and seventh centuries within the broader framework of the Byzantine-Sasanian conflict.
Abstract: The History attributed to Sebeos is one of the major works of early Armenian historiography. Although anonymous, it was written in the middle of the seventh century, a time when comparable chronicles in Greek and Syriac are sparse. Sebeos traces the fortunes of Armenia in the sixth and seventh centuries within the broader framework of the Byzantine-Sasanian conflict. Comprising two volumes, part 1 (240 pages) is the translation and notes followed by part 2 (216 pages) which contains the historical commentary, this excellent publication will be of interest to all those involved in the study of Armenia, the Caucasus, the Eastern Roman Empire and the Middle East in late antiquity. It will be of particular value to Islamicists, since Sebeos not only sets the scene for the coming of Islam, but provides the only substantial non-Muslim account of the initial period of expansion.
200 citations
Book•
15 May 2010
TL;DR: The origins of Islam have been the subject of increasing controversy in recent years, and the traditional view, which presents Islam as a self-consciously distinct religion tied to the life and revelations of the prophet Muhammad in western Arabia, has since the 1970s been challenged by historians engaged in critical study of the Muslim sources as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The origins of Islam have been the subject of increasing controversy in recent years. The traditional view, which presents Islam as a self-consciously distinct religion tied to the life and revelations of the prophet Muhammad in western Arabia, has since the 1970s been challenged by historians engaged in critical study of the Muslim sources. In "Muhammad and the Believers", the eminent historian Fred Donner offers a lucid and original vision of how Islam first evolved. He argues that the origins of Islam lie in what we may call the 'Believers' movement' begun by the prophet Muhammad - a movement of religious reform emphasizing strict monotheism and righteous behavior in conformity with God's revealed law. The Believers' movement thus included righteous Christians and Jews in its early years, because like the Qur'anic Believers, Christians and Jews were monotheists and agreed to live righteously in obedience to their revealed law. The conviction that Muslims constituted a separate religious community, utterly distinct from Christians and Jews, emerged a century later, when the leaders of the Believers' movement decided that only those who saw the Qur'an as the final revelation of the One God and Muhammad as the final prophet, qualified as Believers. This separated them decisively from monotheists who adhered to the Gospels or Torah.
125 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1988
74 citations
TL;DR: One of the oldest extant documents in Islamic history records a set of deeds executed by Muhammad after his migration (hijra) in 622 from Mecca to Yathrib, subsequently known as the City [madīna] of the Prophet.
Abstract: One of the oldest extant documents in Islamic history records a set of deeds executed by Muhammad after his migration (hijra) in 622 from Mecca to Yathrib, subsequently known as “the City [madīna] of the Prophet” Marking the beginning of the Islamic era, the document comprising the deeds has been the subject of well over a century of modern scholarship and is commonly called the “Constitution of Medina”—with some justification, although the first modern scholar who studied it at the end of the 19th century, Julius Wellhausen, more accurately described it as the “municipal charter” (Gemeindeordnung) of Medina In 1889, Wellhausen highlighted the text's antiquity, which has been acknowledged by even the most skeptical of contemporary “source-critical” scholars, Patricia Crone, who thinks that, in Ibn Ishaq's Sira, “it sticks out like a piece of solid rock in an accumulation of rubble”
63 citations
"‘It was made to appear to them so’:..." refers background in this paper
...…ecumenical movement on the basis of Qur’ān verses lauding the monotheistic traditions and the language of this treaty (Ibn Hishām 1858-1860, vol. 1, pp. 341-344; Ibn Ishāq 2002, 231–233; for analysis see Cole 2018, 89–118; Munt 2014, chapter 2; Donner 2010, chapter 2; Arjomand 2009; Lecker 2004)....
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