Job accessibility and employment outcomes: which income groups benefit the most?
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined six income groups in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and found that job accessibility affects the employment status of medium-to-low income groups (household income between US$25,000 and US$75,000).
Abstract: Improving job accessibility can increase the probability for individual persons to be employed and reduce their commutes. Empirical research suggests that the relationship between job accessibility and employment outcomes differ across income groups, but no research has investigated the difference or explored which income groups benefit the most from job accessibility improvements. This research fills the gap by examining six income groups in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Results show that job accessibility affects the employment status of medium-to-low income groups (household income between US$25,000 and US$75,000). For the lowest-income group (household income lower than US$25,000), owning a car significantly improves their chances to be employed, but job accessibility has no effect. On the other hand, higher job accessibility is associated with shorter commuting distance for the other five income groups, but not for the lowest-income group. These results suggest that transportation and land use policies need to address the specific needs of distinct population groups and underscore the importance of spatial access for the middle-class, which tends to be overlooked in the literature on transportation equity.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a fine-grained measure of accessibility to low-income jobs for vulnerable residents by public transport, specifically taking into account realized travel times by these vulnerable individuals.
61 citations
Cites background from "Job accessibility and employment ou..."
..., 2014; Korsu and Wenglenski, 2010), and lower unemployment rates among low-income households (Boisjoly et al., 2017; Hu, 2017)....
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...…Viegas, 2009), decreased risks of social exclusion (Lucas, 2012), shorter unemployment duration for individuals experiencing high accessibility levels (Andersson et al., 2014; Korsu and Wenglenski, 2010), and lower unemployment rates among low-income households (Boisjoly et al., 2017; Hu, 2017)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined four accessibility measures, two of which account for spatial competition and the other two do not, using the Los Angeles metropolitan area as a case study, and found that measures of competitive accessibility have stronger associations with employment than non-competitive accessibility measures.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of transport in providing access to employment has received considerable attention and since transport policies may be motivated by assumed effects on employment probability outcomes, it is i...
43 citations
Cites background from "Job accessibility and employment ou..."
...Hu (2016) sampled long-term residents and did find positive effects of better car job accessibility among medium- to low-income groups, though not for the lowest or higher income groups....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors track changes in job accessibility for the low and high education groups between 2000 and 2010 and examine to what extent the two forces affect the two education groups' accessibility changes.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the relationship between accessibility and mode choice for low- and higher-income groups in eleven Canadian metropolitan regions and found that the impact of accessibility on public transport mode share is stronger and non-linear for the low-income group especially in the largest metropolitan areas.
Abstract: Planning for accessibility is increasingly considered in the development of equitable plans by transport agencies and it has also been shown to exert a positive influence on public transport use. However, this influence has not been examined across income groups and in different geographic regions of varying sizes. The present study measures the relationship between accessibility and mode choice for low- and higher-income groups in eleven Canadian metropolitan regions. Our results show that the impact of accessibility on public transport mode share is stronger and non-linear for the low-income group especially in the largest metropolitan areas, where increasing accessibility past a certain optimal value will lead to a decrease in public transport mode share. However, this point occurs at the 80th percentile of existing accessibility, so improvements in mode share are nonetheless expected with improved accessibility in most areas within these regions. Moreover, in regions where an optimal value is not readily observed, improved accessibility throughout the region would lead to increased uptake of public transport for both the higher- and to a greater extent, the low-income group. Findings from this paper can be of value to transport professionals working towards meeting ridership goals around the world as comparisons between groups and across regions highlight the variation in the impacts of accessibility on mode share.
31 citations
Cites background from "Job accessibility and employment ou..."
...Mode 21 choice is highly dependent on personal characteristics such as income (Wang and Woo, 2017), 22 unemployment rate (Lee and Lee, 2013) and proportion of recent immigrants (Taylor et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: Wilson's "The Truly Disadvantaged" as mentioned in this paper was one of the sixteen best books of 1987 and won the 1988 C. Wright Mills Award of the Society for the Study of Social Problems.
Abstract: ""The Truly Disadvantaged" should spur critical thinking in many quarters about the causes and possible remedies for inner city poverty. As policy makers grapple with the problems of an enlarged underclass they--as well as community leaders and all concerned Americans of all races--would be advised to examine Mr. Wilson's incisive analysis."--Robert Greenstein, "New York Times Book Review" "'Must reading' for civil-rights leaders, leaders of advocacy organizations for the poor, and for elected officials in our major urban centers."--Bernard C. Watson, "Journal of Negro Education" "Required reading for anyone, presidential candidate or private citizen, who really wants to address the growing plight of the black urban underclass."--David J. Garrow, "Washington Post Book World" Selected by the editors of the "New York Times Book Review" as one of the sixteen best books of 1987. Winner of the 1988 C. Wright Mills Award of the Society for the Study of Social Problems.
7,278 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical analysis of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model.
Abstract: An empirical examination of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model. The author presents an operational definition and suggests a method for determining accessibility patterns within metropolitan areas. This is a process of distributing forecasted metropolitan population to small areas within the metropolitan region. Although the model presented is not yet sufficiently well refined for estimating purposes, the concept and the approach may be potentially useful tools for metropolitan planning purposes.
2,954 citations
TL;DR: A review of accessibility measures for assessing the usability of these measures in evaluations of land-use and transport strategies and developments is presented in this paper, using a broad range of relevant criteria, including theoretical basis, interpretability and communicability, and data requirements of the measures.
2,185 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of negro employment and the level of non-white employment in the United States are discussed. But the authors focus on the residential segregation and do not consider the effect of nonwhite residential segregation on nonwhite employment.
Abstract: I. Negro residential segregation, 176. — II. Segregation in Detroit and Chicago, 178. — III. The distribution of negro employment, 179. — IV. Negro employment by occupation and industry, 183. — V. The level of nonwhite employment, 189. — VI. Suburbanization and negro employment, 191. — VII. Postwar dispersal of employment and population in Chicago, 192. — VIII. Conclusions, 196.
1,927 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a framework for the development of accessibility measures and two case studies suggestive of the range of possible approaches are presented, as well as issues that planners must address in developing an accessibility measure.
Abstract: Accessibility is an important characteristic of metropolitan areas and is often reflected in transportation and land-use planning goals. But the concept of accessibility has rarely been translated into performance measures by which policies are evaluated, despite a substantial literature on the concept. This paper is an attempt to bridge the gap between the academic literature and the practical application of such measures and provide a framework for the development of accessibility measures. Issues that planners must address in developing an accessibility measure are outlined, and two case studies suggestive of the range of possible approaches are presented.
1,437 citations