Justice in social relations
TL;DR: The need principle of distributive justice in personal conflict has been studied extensively in the literature as mentioned in this paper, where the need principle is defined as "the need for a sense of justice in interpersonal conflict".
Abstract: I Conflict, Power, and Justice.- 1 Cooperation, Conflict, and Justice.- Cooperation-Competition: Initial Studies of Distributive Justice.- Conflict and Bargaining Studies: Conditions for Establishing a System of Justice.- Distributive Justice.- Experimental Studies of the Effects of Different Systems of Distributive Justice.- The Choice of Distribution System.- The Sense of Injustice.- Some Conclusions.- References.- 2 Justice and Power: An Exchange Analysis.- Power as a Determinant of Reward Distributions.- Power as a Determinant of Reactions to Injustice.- An Exchange Analysis and Some Preliminary Evidence.- Perceptions of Fairness in Exchange Networks.- The Perceived Origins of Inequality and Reactions to Injustice.- Concluding Comments: From Interpersonal to Intergroup Relations.- References.- 3 Justice Considerations in Interpersonal Conflict.- A Glance at the Literature.- Interpersonal Conflict: Definition, Delimitation, and Analytic Approach.- Interpersonal Justice.- Justice Considerations in Interpersonal Conflict: Conditions of Occurrence and Effects.- At the Intra-Individual Level: Justice Thoughts.- At the Interindividual Level: Justice Statements.- Justice Conflict.- Types and Psychological Concomitants of Justice Conflict.- The Justice Dispute.- Significance of Justice Conflict for the Outcome of the Primary Conflict.- Conclusions.- The Role of Different Justice Motivations.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Power and Justice in Intergroup Relations.- Justice and Power.- Private Problems and Public Issues.- The Effects of Power.- Endorsement, Authorization, and Legitimation.- Revolutionary Mobilization.- The Symbols of Justice.- Conclusion.- References.- II Theoretical Perspectives on Justice.- 5 Justice Ideology and Social Legitimation: A Revised Agenda for Psychological Inquiry.- Overview.- Personhood and Justice.- The Personhood Ideal.- Justice.- Enlarging Personhood.- Toward an Objective Base for Justice.- Bases of Legitimation.- Critique.- Caretaking and Receiving.- Vulnerability to Ideology.- Psychology and the Reproduction of Injustice.- Conclusion.- References.- 6 The Experience of Injustice: Toward a Better Understanding of its Phenomenology.- Retrospective Reports on Experiences of Injustice.- Procedure.- Results.- Discussion.- Role-Playing Investigation 1.- Role-Playing Investigation 2.- Categories of Cognitions and Feelings.- Objectivity of Coding.- Results.- Discussion.- Conclusion.- References.- 7 Thinking about Justice and Dealing with One's Own Privileges: A Study of Existential Guilt.- The Concept of Existential Guilt.- Coping with One's Own Privileges: An Empirical Study.- Sample.- Research Instruments.- Cognitive Analysis of Inequality and Existential Guilt.- Distributive Justice and Existential Guilt.- The Role of Perceived Control.- Felt Responsibility for and Attitude toward the Disadvantaged.- Belief in a Just World and Existential Guilt.- The Moderating Role of Centrality of Justice.- A Predictive Model for Existential Guilt.- Discriminating Existential Guilt from Empathie Distress.- Criterion Group Validity of Existential Guilt.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Rethinking Equity Theory: A Referent Cognitions Model.- Levels of Referent Outcomes.- Effects of Referent and Likelihood Cognitions.- Levels of Justification.- Distributive and Procedural Effects.- Context Effects.- Summary and Conclusion.- References.- III Norms and Justice.- 9 Social Context and Perceived Justice.- Justice in Interpersonal Relations: Equity or Equality.- Equity versus Equality and Response to Reward Allocation.- Gender Differences Revisited: Response to Equity and Equality.- The Other Way Around.- Just World, Expectations, and Scripts.- Summary.- References.- 10 Levels of Interest in the Study of Interpersonal Justice.- Levels of Interpersonal Justice Phenomena.- Specific Domains.- The Justice Motive.- Justice Principles as Different Forms of Social Interdependence.- Determination of Value and Perception of Inputs.- Postscript.- References.- 11 The Need Principle of Distributive Justice.- Traditional Theoretical Perspectives.- Consideration of Needs in Allocation Situations: Conclusions from Experiments.- Need Satisfaction as the Basis of Distributive Justice.- Prototypes of Relationships and Transaction Principles.- Empirical Findings.- Conclusion.- References.- 12 Group Categorization and Distributive Justice Decisions.- Reward Distribution Behavior as Reasoned Action.- Target Characteristics as Mediators of Norm Salience: A Role-Theory Analysis.- Group Categorization as a Mediator of the Influence of the Norm of Equity on Reward Distributions to Workers.- Supervisors' Pay Allocations when Outgroup Norms are Unknown.- Supervisors' Pay Allocations when Beliefs Exist about Workers' Relevant Norms.- Implications of Reasoned-Action-Role-Theory Approach for Past and Future Work.- References.- 13 Children's Use of Justice Principles in Allocation Situations: Focus on the Need Principle.- Cognitive Developmental Models of Distributive Justice.- Investigations into Concrete Allocation Behavior.- Studies of Distributive Justice.- Differentiation between Just and Unjust Aims.- Preschool Children's Preferences for Justice Principles.- Primary School Children's Preferences for Justice Principles.- Encouraging the Consideration of Need.- Summary and Concluding Remarks.- Distinguishing Just from Unjust.- Preference for Equality.- Instability in the Preference for Equality.- Children's Social Knowledge.- The Need Principle.- References.- IV Applications of Justice Research.- 14 Two Rotten Apples Spoil the Justice Barrel.- Methods.- Subjects.- Procedures.- Results.- Preliminary Analyses.- Testing the Hypotheses.- Additional Analyses.- Discussion.- References.- 15 Justice as Fair and Equal Treatment before the Law: The Role of Individual Versus Group Decision Making.- Implicit Psychological Assumptions in the Law.- Equality before the Law as a Minimum Standard.- Equality before the Law as a General Desideratum.- Procedures to Ensure Equality before the Law in Legal Decision Making.- Individual versus Group Decision Making in the Legal Process.- Examples from a Comparative Legal Analysis.- Decision Making by Jurors, Juries, and Judges: Social Psychological Evidence.- Sentencing Councils and their Effects on Equal Treatment before the Law.- Method.- Results.- Discussion.- Conclusions.- References.- 16 The Psychology of Leadership Evaluation.- Factors Influencing Leadership Evaluations.- Research.- The Evaluation of Legal Authority.- The Evaluation of Political Authority.- Other Research.- Implications.- The Meaning of Procedural Justice.- When Is Procedural Justice Important?.- References.- 17 When Expectations and Justice Do Not Coincide: Blue-Collar Visions of a Just World.- Questioning the Contentment of the Disadvantaged.- Equity and Exchange.- Relative Deprivation.- Self-Blame and the Disadvantaged.- Hypotheses.- Method.- Subject Sample.- Locus of Control.- Political Ideology.- Videotape.- Expected, Satisfying, and Perfectly Just Pay-Plan Designs.- Results.- Political Profile.- Visions of a Perfectly Just World.- Discussion.- Limited Visions of Perfect Justice: Why?.- Cognitive Limits of Imagination.- The Generation of Radically Different Just World Views.- References.- 18 The Distributive Justice of Organizational Performance Evaluations.- Distributive Justice in the Context of Performance Appraisal.- Channels of Influence in Appraisal Systems.- Performance Appraisal and Organizational Justice.- A Taxonomy of Organizational Performance Evaluations as Outcomes.- The Input-Defining Function of Organizational Performance Evaluations.- Performance Evaluations as Ultimate and Penultimate Outcomes: Research Evidence.- Using Performance Evaluations to Qualify Reactions to Monetary Outcomes.- Using Performance Evaluations to Qualify Reactions to Job Titles as Outcomes.- Implications.- Implications for Conceptualizations of Distributive Justice.- Implications for Organizational Theory and Practice.- References.- Author Index.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general strain theory of crime and delinquency that is capable of overcoming the criticisms of previous strain theories, and argue that strain has a central role to play in explanations of crime/delinquency, but that the theory has to be substantially revised to play this role.
Abstract: This paper presents a general strain theory of crime and delinquency that is capable of overcoming the criticisms of previous strain theories. In the first section, strain theory is distinguished from social control and differential association/social learning theory. In the second section, the three major types of strain are described: (1) strain as the actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, (2) strain as the actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and (3) strain as the actual or anticipated presentation of negatively valued stimuli. In the third section, guidelines for the measurement of strain are presented. And in the fourth section, the major adaptations to strain are described, and thcwe factors influencing the choice of delinquent versus nondelinquent adaptations are discussed. After dominating deviance research in the 196Os, strain theory came under heavy attack in the 1970s (Bernard, 1984; Cole, 1975), with several prominent researchers suggesting that the theory be abandoned (Hirschi, 1969; Kornhauser, 1978). Strain theory has survived those attacks, but its influence is much diminished (see Agnew, 1985a; Bernard, 1984; Farnworth and Leiber, 1989). In particular, variables derived from strain theory now play a very limited role in explanations of crime/delinquency. Several recent causal models of delinquency, in fact, either entirely exchde strain variables or assign them a small role (e.g., Elliott et al., 1985; Johnson, 1979; Massey and Krohn, 1986; Thornberry, 1987; Tonry et al., 1991). Causal models of crime/delinquency are dominated, instead, by variables derived from differential association/social learning theory and social control theory. This paper argues that strain theory has a central role to play in explanations of crime/delinquency, but that the theory has to be substantially revised to play this role. Most empirical studies of strain theory continue to rely on the strain models developed by Merton (1938), A. Cohen (1955), and Cloward and Ohlin (1960). In recent years, however, a wealth of research in several fields has questioned certain of the assumptions underlying those theories and pointed to new directions for the development of strain theory. Most notable in this area is the research on stress in medical sociology and psychology, on equity/justice in social psychology, and on aggression in psychology-particularly recent versions of frustration-aggression and social
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TL;DR: In this paper, social learning theory is used as a theoretical basis for understanding ethical leadership and a constitutive definition of the ethical leadership construct is proposed. But, little empirical research focuses on an ethical dimension of leadership.
3,547 citations
TL;DR: A historical overview of the field of organizational justice can be found in this article, with a focus on research and theory in the distributive justice tradition as well as the burgeoning topic of procedural justice.
3,138 citations
TL;DR: This article found that when the basis for the pay cuts was thoroughly and sensitively explained to employees, feelings of inequity were lessened, and the theft rate was reduced as well.
Abstract: Employee theft rates were measured in manufacturing plants during a period in which pay was temporarily reduced by 15%. Compared with pre- or postreduction pay periods (or with control groups whose pay was unchanged), groups whose pay was reduced had significantly higher theft rates. When the basis for the pay cuts was thoroughly and sensitively explained to employees, feelings of inequity were lessened, and the theft rate was reduced as well. The data support equity theory's predictions regarding likely responses to underpayment and extend recently accumulated evidence demonstrating the mitigating effects of adequate explanations on feelings of inequity.
1,648 citations
TL;DR: The authors suggest that procedural and distributive factors interactively combine to influence individuals' reactions to their encounters with other people, groups, and organizations.
Abstract: The authors suggest that procedural and distributive factors interactively combine to influence individuals' reactions to their encounters with other people, groups, and organizations. Results from 45 independent samples (reviewed herein) show that (a) level of procedural justice is more positively related to individuals' reactions when outcome fairness or valence is relatively low and (b) level of outcome fairness or valence is more positively related to individuals' reactions when procedural justice is relatively low. They present various explanations of the interaction effect. Theoretical progress may be achieved through future efforts to delineate the conditions under which each of the explanations is more versus less likely to account for the interaction.
1,247 citations