Keeping p53 in check: essential and synergistic functions of Mdm2 and Mdm4.
TL;DR: This work presents a novel and scalable approach to gene expression engineering that allows for real-time annotation of gene expression changes in response to cancerigenicity and shows promise in finding novel and efficient treatments for cancer.
Abstract: 1 Laboratory For Molecular Cancer Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), University of Ghent, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent B9052, Belgium 2 Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 3 Gene Expression and Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 4 The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and department of Molecular Genetics, Section of Cancer Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA * Corresponding author: J-C Marine, Laboratory For Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium. Tel: þ 32-93-313-640; Fax: þ 32-93-313-516; E-mail: chris.marine@dmbr.ugent.be
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TL;DR: This work shows that MDMX binds to and promotes degradation of retinoblastoma protein (RB) in an MDM2-dependent manner, which results in inhibition of p53-deficient tumor growth, which can be effectively reversed by concomitant RB silencing.
Abstract: MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog) and MDMX (double minute X human homolog, also known as MDM4) are critical negative regulators of tumor protein p53. Our recent work shows that MDMX binds to and promotes degradation of retinoblastoma protein (RB) in an MDM2-dependent manner. In a xenograft tumor growth mouse model, silencing of MDMX results in inhibition of p53-deficient tumor growth, which can be effectively reversed by concomitant RB silencing. Thus, MDMX exerts its oncogenic activity via suppression of RB.
10 citations
Cites background from "Keeping p53 in check: essential and..."
...MDM2 and MDMX are predominantly found as heterodimers, which is thought to enhance E2 protein recruitment and stabilize the ternary complex containing tumor protein p53 (best known as p53).(6) In our study, we found that MDMX enhances the ability of MDM2 to bind to and promote RB degradation....
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...As an important alternative pathway to inactivate p53 in addition to p53 gene mutations, amplification of MDM2 or MDMX genes is found in a variety of human tumors and cancers.(6) Of note, the MDMX gene is amplified in more than 60% of human retinoblastomas, with an additional 10% of retinoblastomas exhibiting MDM2 gene amplification....
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TL;DR: Nutlin-3A, a potent inhibitor of MDM2, is associated with a significant induction of senescence and apoptosis in MPM cell lines, making Nutlin- 3A a promising substance for a targeted therapy in the subgroup of MPM showingMDM2 overexpression.
Abstract: Previously, our group demonstrated that nuclear expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is significantly associated with decreased overall survival. A possible explanation may be that overexpression of MDM2 leads to a proteasomal degradation of TP53 that eventually results in a loss of TP53-induced apoptosis and senescence. It is well known from other tumor entities that restoration of TP53 activity, e.g., by MDM2 inhibition, results in an instant TP53-induced stress and/or DNA damage response of cancer cells. Nutlin-3A (a cis-imidazoline analogue) has been described as a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor preventing MDM2-TP53-interaction by specific binding to the hydrophobic TP53-binding pocket of MDM2. In the present study, the effects of MDM2 inhibition in MPM via Nutlin-3A and standard platinum based chemotherapeutic agents were comparatively tested in three MPM cell lines (NCI-H2052, MSTO-211H, and NCI-H2452) showing different expression profiles of TP53, MDM2, and its physiological inhibitor of MDM2—P14/ARF. Our in vitro experiments on MPM cell lines revealed that Nutlin-3A in combination with cisplatin resulted in up to 9.75 times higher induction of senescence (p=0.0050) and up to 5 times higher apoptosis rate (p=0.0067) compared to the commonly applied cisplatin and pemetrexed regimens. Thus Nutlin-3A, a potent inhibitor of MDM2, is associated with a significant induction of senescence and apoptosis in MPM cell lines, making Nutlin-3A a promising substance for a targeted therapy in the subgroup of MPM showing MDM2 overexpression.
10 citations
TL;DR: Well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DDLPS) are underlined by 12q13-q14 amplifications encompassing MDM2, considered as the core oncogene driving their pathogenesis through TP53 inactivation through CDKN2A-CCND1-CDK4 alterations.
Abstract: Well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DDLPS) are underlined by 12q13-q14 amplifications encompassing MDM2, considered as the core oncogene driving their pathogenesis through TP53 inactivation1, 2. Their progression involves the inactivation of the RB1 pathway through CDKN2A-CCND1-CDK4 alterations3. According to the French sarcoma database RRePS, 1% of cases suspicious for WD/DDLPS fail to prove MDM2 amplification, therefore suggesting that alternative oncogenic pathways might replace MDM2 amplification.
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10 citations
Cites background from "Keeping p53 in check: essential and..."
...MDM2 and MDM4 have synergistic functions in TP53 regulation; both can interact directly with TP53 and inhibit its activity either by promoting its degradation or repressing its transcriptional activation domain.(4) MDM4 is a bona fide oncogene amplified in a subset of colorectal carcinomas, glioblastomas and retinoblastomas....
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TL;DR: A focus on the use of in vivo models in p53 study is providing a clearer view of how this pathway is regulated, with a newfound emphasis on the role of the Mdm2:MdmX heterodimer.
Abstract: Classically, p53 is considered to be an overarching tumor suppressor gene, important in its role as a transcription factor for a number of genes critical for cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. More recently, the scope of p53 function has been further broadened, with evidence emerging that supports essential roles for p53 in reproduction and metabolism. The homologous proteins Mdm2 and MdmX function as the primary negative regulators of p53 stability and activity. Canonically, Mdm2 is thought to regulate p53 through 2 mechanisms: 1) through directly binding the p53 transactivation domain, suppressing p53 activity, and 2) through functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase capable of ubiquitinating p53, targeting it for nuclear export and degradation. MdmX similarly functions to bind the p53 transactivation domain; however, it is not characterized to harbor any intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Despite extensive study, the advent of a number of mouse models has brought to light the necessity of studying the p53 pathway at physiological levels and emphasized the major differences that can exist between in vitro and in vivo analysis. While many questions remain, a focus on the use of in vivo models in p53 study is providing a clearer view of how this pathway is regulated, with a newfound emphasis on the role of the Mdm2:MdmX heterodimer, and with that a better understanding of how this pathway could be better manipulated for therapeutic gains.
9 citations
TL;DR: An update is given on some of the implications of the crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling for carcinogenesis in the skin and other tissues, focusing on a genome-wide perspective.
Abstract: It has now been convincingly shown that vitamin D and p53 signaling protect against spontaneous or carcinogen-induced malignant transformation of cells. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the p53/p63/p73 proteins (the p53 family hereafter) exert their effects as receptors/sensors that turn into transcriptional regulators upon stimulus. While the p53 clan, mostly in the nucleoplasm, responds to a large and still growing number of alterations in cellular homeostasis commonly referred to as stress, the nuclear VDR is transcriptionally activated after binding its naturally occurring biologically active ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with high affinity. Interestingly, a crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling has been demonstrated that occurs at different levels, has genome-wide implications, and is of high importance for many malignancies, including non-melanoma skin cancer. These interactions include the ability of p53 to upregulate skin pigmentation via POMC derivatives including alpha-MSH and ACTH. Increased pigmentation protects the skin against UV-induced DNA damage and skin photocarcinogenesis, but also inhibits cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. A second level of interaction is characterized by binding of VDR and p53 protein, an observation that may be of relevance for the ability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to increase the survival of skin cells after UV irradiation. UV irradiation-surviving cells show significant reductions in thymine dimers in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D that are associated with increased nuclear p53 protein expression and significantly reduced NO products. A third level of interaction is documented by the ability of vitamin D compounds to regulate the expression of the murine double minute (MDM2) gene in dependence of the presence of wild-type p53. MDM2 has a well-established role as a key negative regulator of p53 activity. Finally, p53 and its family members have been implicated in the direct regulation of the VDR. This review gives an update on some of the implications of the crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling for carcinogenesis in the skin and other tissues, focusing on a genome-wide perspective.
9 citations
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TL;DR: A gene is identified, named WAF1, whose induction was associated with wild-type but not mutant p53 gene expression in a human brain tumor cell line and that could be an important mediator of p53-dependent tumor growth suppression.
8,339 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify potent and selective small-molecule antagonists of MDM2 and confirm their mode of action through the crystal structures of complexes, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and growth inhibition of human tumor xenografts.
Abstract: MDM2 binds the p53 tumor suppressor protein with high affinity and negatively modulates its transcriptional activity and stability. Overexpression of MDM2, found in many human tumors, effectively impairs p53 function. Inhibition of MDM2-p53 interaction can stabilize p53 and may offer a novel strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we identify potent and selective small-molecule antagonists of MDM2 and confirm their mode of action through the crystal structures of complexes. These compounds bind MDM2 in the p53-binding pocket and activate the p53 pathway in cancer cells, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and growth inhibition of human tumor xenografts in nude mice.
4,397 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the Mdm2-promoted degradation of p53 provides a new mechanism to ensure effective termination of the p53 signal.
Abstract: The p53 tumour-suppressor protein exerts antiproliferative effects, including growth arrest and apoptosis, in response to various types of stress. The activity of p53 is abrogated by mutations that occur frequently in tumours, as well as by several viral and cellular proteins. The Mdm2 oncoprotein is a potent inhibitor of p53. Mdm2 binds the transcriptional activation domain of p53 and blocks its ability to regulate target genes and to exert antiproliferative effects. On the other hand, p53 activates the expression of the mdm2 gene in an autoregulatory feedback loop. The interval between p53 activation and consequent Mdm2 accumulation defines a time window during which p53 exerts its effects. We now report that Mdm2 also promotes the rapid degradation of p53 under conditions in which p53 is otherwise stabilized. This effect of Mdm2 requires binding of p53; moreover, a small domain of p53, encompassing the Mdm2-binding site, confers Mdm2-dependent detstabilization upon heterologous proteins. Raised amounts of Mdm2 strongly repress mutant p53 accumulation in tumour-derived cells. During recovery from DNA damage, maximal Mdm2 induction coincides with rapid p53 loss. We propose that the Mdm2-promoted degradation of p53 provides a new mechanism to ensure effective termination of the p53 signal.
4,311 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that interaction with Mdm2 can also result in a large reduction in p53 protein levels through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation, which may contribute to the maintenance of low p53 concentrations in normal cells.
Abstract: The tumour-suppressor p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Stabilization of the protein in response to an activating signal, such as DNA damage, results in a rapid rise in p53 levels and subsequent inhibition of cell growth. Tight regulation of p53 function is critical for normal cell growth and development, and one mechanism by which p53 function is controlled is through interaction with the Mdm2 protein. Mdm2 inhibits p53 cell-cycle arrest and apoptic functions and we show here that interaction with Mdm2 can also result in a large reduction in p53 protein levels through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation. Endogenous levels of Mdm2 are sufficient to regulate p53 stability, and overexpression of Mdm2 can reduce the amount of endogenous p53. Because mdm2 is transcriptionally activated by p53, this degradative pathway may contribute to the maintenance of low p53 concentrations in normal cells. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating the Mdm2-induced degradation of p53 may play a role in controlling the extent and duration of the p53 response.
3,298 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that the MDM2 protein, which is induced by p53, functions as a ubiquitin ligase, E3, in human papillomavirus‐uninfected cells which do not have E6 protein.
1,962 citations