Book•
Key aspects of German business law : a practical manual
01 Jan 2002-Iss: 1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the legal aspects of establishing or acquiring a business in Germany, including the following: how to establish or acquire a business, the establishment of a company or branch office, the acquisition of Closely Held Companies, valuation of business enterprises, and the establishment or acquisition of closely held companies.
Abstract: How to Establish or Acquire a Business in Germany.- Recognized Forms of Business Organizations.- Establishment of a Company or Branch Office.- The Acquisition of Closely Held Companies.- Valuation of Business Enterprises.- "Pseudo - Foreign Companies" in Germany - The Centros, Uberseering and Inspire Art Decisions of the European Court of Justice.- Commercial Law.- The Law of Contracts.- General Terms of Business (AGB).- Torts.- Product Liability Under German and European Law.- Real-Estate Property Law Germany.- The Law of Insolvency and Security Interests.- Unfair Competition.- The Law of Public Procurement.- Distribution Agreements.- Private Public Partnerships.- Copyright.- Review of German Private Insurance Law.- Transport Law and Forwarder Law.- Customs Law.- Liability of the State.- Labor Law.- Aspects of German Labor Law.- Residence and Work Permit.- Computer Law.- Computer Law.- Electronic Commerce.- Protection of Internet Domain Names.- Procedural Law.- Enforcement of Rights and Claims through the Courts and Arbitration Tribunals.- Principles of the Legal Regulation of Attorney Fees.- Notaries in Germany.- European Law.- Institutions of the European Community.- Antitrust Law in the European Community.- Tax Law.- German Tax Law.- IP.- The PCT and the Enforcement of Patents in Europe.- Trademark Protection in Germany and Europe.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore how applying for and maintaining a legal form of organization exposes community-based initiatives (CBIs) to pressures with the potential to shape them, and they find that there are two types of pressures through which regimes influence CBIs associated with legal forms of organization: resource dependence and coercive isomorphism.
Abstract: We explore how applying for and maintaining a legal form of organization exposes community-based initiatives (CBIs) to pressures with the potential to shape them. Using grounded theory and the multi-level perspective, we found that there are two types of pressures through which regimes influence CBIs associated with legal forms of organization: resource dependence and coercive isomorphism. These pressures come in the form of barriers which push and prevent CBIs in the process of acquiring and maintaining a legal organizational form. CBIs resist and work to overcome the pressures using social capital, internal agreements, citizen financing, and umbrella organizations. This knowledge contributes to the understanding of how regimes resist and create barriers to innovations, how CBIs cope with this regime resistance, and has implications for the design of instruments for purposeful transitions.
13 citations
DOI•
01 Jan 2013TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general overview of the current situation surrounding the doctrine of consideration and propose a reform approach to solve the problems identified by previous attempts and suggestions aimed at solving the problems.
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................... ii Preface...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ....................................................................................................................... v List of tables .............................................................................................................................. x List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ xiv Dedication ............................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 What is the doctrine of consideration? ............................................................................ 1 1.2 A general overview of the present situation surrounding the doctrine of consideration. 2 1.3 Previous attempts and suggestions aimed at solving the problems identified ................ 3 1.4 Cause from the French civil law as a solution to the problems caused by the doctrine of consideration ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 The lack of consideration requirement in the German contract law-consideration is not necessary for a functional system of contract law ................................................................. 5 1.6 This study ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.6.1 The aims of this study ............................................................................................... 8 1.6.2 The methods used in this study ............................................................................... 12 1.7 Definition of key terms ................................................................................................. 17 1.7.1 ‘Anglo-Canadian common law’ ............................................................................. 17 1.7.2 ‘Contract modification’ .......................................................................................... 18 1.7.3 ‘Legal transplants’ .................................................................................................. 19 1.8 Literature review ........................................................................................................... 20 1.8.1 The history of the doctrine of consideration and its civil law counterparts ........... 20 1.8.2 The need for reform as established by the current literature .................................. 21 1.8.3 Defining consideration ........................................................................................... 25 1.8.4 The German law model .......................................................................................... 27 1.8.5 Accessing the German law ..................................................................................... 28 1.8.6 The possibility of transplantation ........................................................................... 30 1.8.7 Proposals for reform ............................................................................................... 33 vi Chapter 2: The history of the English and German law on the enforcement of promises ...... 34 2.1 General comments ......................................................................................................... 34 2.2 The history of the development of the Anglo-Canadian contract law-why does the Anglo-Canadian law require consideration in the modification of contracts? .................... 34 2.2.1 Medieval law-a contractual world based on formality ........................................... 34 2.2.2 The writ of debt ...................................................................................................... 36 2.2.3 The action of covenant ........................................................................................... 38 2.2.4 The action of assumpsit and the beginning of consideration .................................. 40 2.2.5 The origins of consideration in assumpsit .............................................................. 42 2.2.6 The development of the doctrine of consideration as we know it today ................ 45 2.3 The adoption of the English law of contracts in Canada............................................... 47 2.4 The Roman law origins of the German civil law of contracts ...................................... 49 2.4.1 Causa in Roman law-the reason for enforcement .................................................. 50 2.4.2 The formal contract: stipulatio ............................................................................... 50 2.4.3 Informal contracts ................................................................................................... 52 2.4.4 Consensual contracts .............................................................................................. 53 2.4.5 The modification of contracts under the Roman law ............................................. 54 2.5 Contract law in Medieval Germany .............................................................................. 55 2.6 The fall of causa in the German law ............................................................................. 57 2.7 How the old laws have shaped the new......................................................................... 59 Chapter 3: The present state of the law ................................................................................... 60 3.1 General comments ......................................................................................................... 60 3.2 The modification of contracts in the Anglo-Canadian common law and the problems caused by the requirement of consideration ........................................................................ 61 3.3 Good consideration ....................................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 The basic requirement of good consideration in English and Canadian law .......... 63 3.4 The purpose of consideration ........................................................................................ 66 3.4.1 Why distinguish between legally binding and non-legally binding promises? ...... 66 3.4.2 The fall of the classical benefit/detriment theory of consideration and the rise of the more modern bargain theory ............................................................................................ 68 3.4.3 Fuller and the formal approach to consideration .................................................... 69 3.4.4 Benson .................................................................................................................... 70 vii 3.4.5 Treitel and ‘invented’ consideration ....................................................................... 71 3.4.6 Atiyah and consideration as a reason for enforcement ........................................... 72 3.5 The current need for reform .......................................................................................... 74 3.5.1 The doctrine of consideration is overly complex ................................................... 75 3.5.2 Consideration is used to disguise the true reasons surrounding judicial decisionmaking ............................................................................................................................. 78 3.5.3 Trends of harmonization in contract law ................................................................ 82 3.5.4 Problems in the modification of contracts caused by the doctrine of consideration as identified by law revision committees ........................................................................ 84 3.5.5 The gatekeeping function of the doctrine of consideration can be performed by other doctrine as successfully .......................................................................................... 87 Chapter 4: The current German law on contract modification ............................................... 91 4.1 General comments ......................................................................................................... 91 4.2 The basis of the German law of contracts ..................................................................... 93 4.2.1 Sanctity of contracts (pacta sunt servanda) ............................................................ 94 4.3 The modification of contracts in German law-what are the requirements? .................. 95 4.3.1 Consensual contractual changes (einvernehmliche Vertragsänderungen) ............. 95 4.3.2 The formation of an Änderungsvertrag .................................................................. 97 4.4 Gatekeepers to the enforcement of promises in German law...................................... 104 4.4.1 Rules within the formation of contracts ............................................................... 105 4.5 Einseitige Vertragsänderungen (unilateral amendments to contracts) ........................ 115 4.5.1 Contractual ‘forgiveness’ ..................................................................................... 117 4.6 Are there problems with the German law on the modification of contracts? ............. 118 4.7 Conclusions from this chapter ..................................................................................... 118 Chapter 5: How might the German civil law be used to modify the Anglo-C
8 citations
18 Aug 2016
TL;DR: The authors investigate how empirically plausible pass-through dynamics affect VAT multipliers in a New-Keynesian DSGE model relative to instantaneous passthrough under the conventional modeling strategy, and propose an approach to reconcile passthrough in the model with empirical estimates, and find that short-run multipliers decline by about 50% once they account for empirically observed passthrough dynamics.
Abstract: Standard models used in academic and institutional research implement the value-added tax (VAT) as a simple consumption tax levied on consumers, implying that tax changes instantaneously translate into consumer price changes. This corresponds to immediate tax pass-though, which is, however, inconsistent with a wealth of empirical evidence for gradual pass-through. I investigate how empirically plausible pass-through dynamics affect VAT multipliers in a New-Keynesian DSGE model relative to instantaneous pass-through under the conventional modeling strategy. To this end, I propose an approach to reconcile passthrough in the model with empirical estimates, and find that short-run multipliers decline by about 50% once we account for empirically observed pass-through dynamics. Standard models thus dramatically overestimate the short-run impact of VAT changes. JEL classification: E62, E32.
3 citations
Cites background from "Key aspects of German business law ..."
...The European-style VAT taxes the value added at each stage of the supply chain (see, for example, the textbook Wendler et al. (2008))....
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