L’épidémie, désordre nécessaire à la légitimation des pouvoirs
TL;DR: In this paper, a perspective anthropologique de mise en evidence d'invariants fortement structurants du social, l’epidemie (de la peste a la Covid-19) nous parait etre une mediation essentielle aux processus de revivification des pouvoirs, qu’il soit politique, religieux ou medical et technologique.
Abstract: Dans la perspective anthropologique de mise en evidence d’invariants fortement structurants du social, l’epidemie (de la peste a la Covid-19) nous parait etre une mediation essentielle aux processus de revivification des pouvoirs, qu’il soit politique, religieux ou medical et technologique. Les temps d’epidemies sont des moments d’exces de tous ordres. Or il semble que ce soient bien les representations qui fassent exister l’evenement que constitue la crise epidemique. Ainsi la peste, de “ Pestis ”, renvoie a l’anomie qui se manifeste par l’inhumain, le monstrueux au travers de bouleversements et d’eclatements des liens sociaux et des regles morales comme l’atteinte des corps voire la decomposition des chairs qui accompagnent la deliquescence de la societe. Pourtant, “ Pestis ” n’est pas seulement le chaos. Il faut que la societe atteinte, jugee parfois fautive, ou du moins responsable, s’efface pour laisser la place a une autre societe et qu’un dynamisme nouveau invente un arrangement inedit. « Pestis » precede et provoque la mutation de la societe ; elle permet a la societe de se renouveler mais aussi de mettre au jour les differents modes de legitimation des pouvoirs.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that global resources to counter disease emergence are poorly allocated, with the majority of the scientific and surveillance effort focused on countries from where the next important EID is least likely to originate.
Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a significant burden on global economies and public health. Their emergence is thought to be driven largely by socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors, but no comparative study has explicitly analysed these linkages to understand global temporal and spatial patterns of EIDs. Here we analyse a database of 335 EID 'events' (origins of EIDs) between 1940 and 2004, and demonstrate non-random global patterns. EID events have risen significantly over time after controlling for reporting bias, with their peak incidence (in the 1980s) concomitant with the HIV pandemic. EID events are dominated by zoonoses (60.3% of EIDs): the majority of these (71.8%) originate in wildlife (for example, severe acute respiratory virus, Ebola virus), and are increasing significantly over time. We find that 54.3% of EID events are caused by bacteria or rickettsia, reflecting a large number of drug-resistant microbes in our database. Our results confirm that EID origins are significantly correlated with socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors, and provide a basis for identifying regions where new EIDs are most likely to originate (emerging disease 'hotspots'). They also reveal a substantial risk of wildlife zoonotic and vector-borne EIDs originating at lower latitudes where reporting effort is low. We conclude that global resources to counter disease emergence are poorly allocated, with the majority of the scientific and surveillance effort focused on countries from where the next important EID is least likely to originate.
5,992 citations
04 May 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a genealogie de la morale moderne, a partir d'une histoire politique des corps, is presented, a genealogy of the history of the penalite moderne.
Abstract: Peut-etre avons-nous honte aujourd'hui de nos prisons. Le XIXe siecle, lui, etait fier des forteresses qu'il construisait aux limites et parfois au cœur des villes. Ces murs, ces verrous, ces cellules figuraient toute une entreprise d'orthopedie sociale.
Ceux qui volent, on les emprisonne ; ceux qui violent, on les emprisonne ; ceux qui tuent, egalement. D'ou vient cette etrange pratique et le curieux projet d'enfermer pour redresser, que portent avec eux les Codes penaux de l'epoque moderne ? Un vieil heritage des cachots du Moyen Âge ? Plutot une technologie nouvelle : la mise au point, du XVIe au XIXe siecle, de tout un ensemble de procedures pour quadriller, controler, mesurer, dresser les individus, les rendre a la fois « dociles et utiles ». Surveillance, exercices, manœuvres, notations, rangs et places, classements, examens, enregistrements, toute une maniere d'assujettir les corps, de maitriser les multiplicites humaines et de manipuler leurs forces s'est developpee au cours des siecles classiques, dans les hopitaux, a l'armee, dans les ecoles, les colleges ou les ateliers : la discipline.
La prison est a replacer dans la formation de cette societe de surveillance.
La penalite moderne n'ose plus dire qu'elle punit des crimes ; elle pretend readapter des delinquants. Peut-on faire la genealogie de la morale moderne a partir d'une histoire politique des corps ? Date de premiere edition : 1975.
2,170 citations
TL;DR: Overall, despite many remaining questions, current evidence indicates that preserving intact ecosystems and their endemic biodiversity should generally reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases.
Abstract: Current unprecedented declines in biodiversity reduce the ability of ecological communities to provide many fundamental ecosystem services. Here we evaluate evidence that reduced biodiversity affects the transmission of infectious diseases of humans, other animals and plants. In principle, loss of biodiversity could either increase or decrease disease transmission. However, mounting evidence indicates that biodiversity loss frequently increases disease transmission. In contrast, areas of naturally high biodiversity may serve as a source pool for new pathogens. Overall, despite many remaining questions, current evidence indicates that preserving intact ecosystems and their endemic biodiversity should generally reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases.
1,513 citations
TL;DR: The phylogenetic results suggest that the high mortality in 1918 among adults aged ∼20 to ∼40 y may have been due primarily to their childhood exposure to a doubly heterosubtypic putative H3N8 virus, which the authors estimate circulated from ∼1889–1900.
Abstract: The source, timing, and geographical origin of the 1918–1920 pandemic influenza A virus have remained tenaciously obscure for nearly a century, as have the reasons for its unusual severity among young adults. Here, we reconstruct the origins of the pandemic virus and the classic swine influenza and (postpandemic) seasonal H1N1 lineages using a host-specific molecular clock approach that is demonstrably more accurate than previous methods. Our results suggest that the 1918 pandemic virus originated shortly before 1918 when a human H1 virus, which we infer emerged before ∼1907, acquired avian N1 neuraminidase and internal protein genes. We find that the resulting pandemic virus jumped directly to swine but was likely displaced in humans by ∼1922 by a reassortant with an antigenically distinct H1 HA. Hence, although the swine lineage was a direct descendent of the pandemic virus, the post-1918 seasonal H1N1 lineage evidently was not, at least for HA. These findings help resolve several seemingly disparate observations from 20th century influenza epidemiology, seroarcheology, and immunology. The phylogenetic results, combined with these other lines of evidence, suggest that the high mortality in 1918 among adults aged ∼20 to ∼40 y may have been due primarily to their childhood exposure to a doubly heterosubtypic putative H3N8 virus, which we estimate circulated from ∼1889–1900. All other age groups (except immunologically naive infants) were likely partially protected by childhood exposure to N1 and/or H1-related antigens. Similar processes may underlie age-specific mortality differences between seasonal H1N1 vs. H3N2 and human H5N1 vs. H7N9 infections.
208 citations
31 Jan 1969
119 citations